m~wPcÎ

wkLbdj 4t wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwiKiY|

welqe¯‘

1| wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwii wewfbœc×wZ|

2| wdn¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwii wewfbœ c×wZi gva¨‡g `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY|

3| Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ wdwbwks KiY|

4| Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †PwKs Ges µzwU wPwýZ I cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| wdn¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wmivwgK `ªe¨‡K wdwbwks Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †PwKs Ges µzwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4| Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i µzwU `~i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZv©ewj

cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e-

·        †K¬ ewW

·        weKvi

·        cvwb

·        Uzjm

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj t wd«‡nÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb kxU-1.4-1

wdªn¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi

wkLb D‡Ïk¨

GB Bbdi‡gkb wkUwU covi ci Avcwb wdªn¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb|

wd«‡nÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwii c×wZ

wmivwg‡K `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi AwZ cÖPxb c×wZ n‡jv wdªn¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m ev Lvwj nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ wmivwg‡Ki `ªe¨ ˆZwi| GwU AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq c×wZ| Z‡e GB c×wZ‡Z wmivwg‡K `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z A‡bK AwfÁZv I `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb| nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb cÖKvi h‡š¿i e¨envi QvovB ïay wKQz Uzjm e¨envi K‡i GB cÖKvi `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| ZvB GB cÖKvi `ªe¨ Drcv`b A‡bK mgq mv‡cÿ e¨vcvi| nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hvq| Z‡e nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq c×wZ ¸‡jv n‡jv t-

1| wcbwPs (pinching) c×wZ

2| K‡qj (coil) c×wZ

3| ¯øve (slab) c×wZ

wewfbœ c×wZi gva¨‡g wdªn¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwii cªwµqv wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t-

wcbwPs c×wZ

mvaviYZ AvU© Iq¨vi ev †mŠwLb `ªe¨vw` G c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kómva¨ I mgq mv‡cÿ| G c×wZi `ª‡e¨i MvÎ me©`vB Amgvb nq|

cÖ_‡g †h `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi GKwU Av`j ˆZwi Kiv nq| Gevi mvgvb¨ GKUz gvwU wb‡q †Mvj ev j¤^v K‡i nv‡Zi Av½yj, Qzwi ev †Kvb KvwV w`‡q H `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q jvMv‡bv nq| G jvMv‡bvi KvRB wcbwPs| Gfv‡e AmsL¨evi wcbwPs Kivi ci `ª‡e¨i GKwU bZzb AvKvi dz‡U D‡V hv Amgvb wKš‘ ˆewkó¨ gwÛZ| †gvU K_v Lvwj nv‡Z Av`jK…Z `ªe¨‡K wU‡c wU‡c AvK…wZ `vbB wcbwPs c×wZi g~j K_v|

wPÎt wcbwPsc×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi

ZvQvov wewfbœ cÖKvi evwU, gM, dj`vbx BZ¨vw`I GB c×wZ‡ZˆZwi Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g GKUzK‡i gvwU wb‡q `yB nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z Nywo‡q †Mvj AvK…wZ Kiv Zvici nv‡Zi e„×v½yj w`‡q gvwUi †K›`ª eivei Pvc cÖ`vb K‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í MZ©wU eo Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av½y‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GwU‡K Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i GK nv‡Z Zvjy‡Z `ªe¨wU †i‡L Ab¨ nv‡Zi Av½yj e¨envi K‡i GKwU evwU ev g‡Mi AvKvi cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| Gici `ª‡e¨i eUg ev Zjv mgvb Kivi Rb¨ `ªe¨wU‡K †Uwe‡j ewm‡q Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges `ª‡e¨i wfZi I evwn‡i c„ô gm„Y Ki‡Z wie (rib) Ges ¯‹¨vcvi (scraper) e¨envi Kiv nq| `ªe¨‡K AviI my›`i I AvKl©wYq Kivi Rb¨ nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z Aí gvwU wb‡q Av½yj Øviv Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i cvZjv ¯øve ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ bKkv ev d‡ji AvK„wZ ˆZwi K‡i `ª‡e¨i evwn‡ii c„‡ô ‡hLv‡b bKkvwU jvMv‡Z n‡e †mLv‡b `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q Aí AvPo †K‡U bKkvwUi wcQb w`‡K Nb Zij gvwU ev w¯øc (slip) Aí jvwM‡q `ª‡e¨i AvPo KvuUv RvqMvq jvw`‡q w`‡Z n‡e Ges †`L‡Z n‡e †hb AwZwi³ w¯øc `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q †j‡M bv _v‡K| ZvB wbWj w`‡q R‡q‡›Ui RvqMvwU fvjfv‡e cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gici ¯úÄ w`‡q `ª‡e¨i Dfq c„ô fvjfv‡e cvwb w`‡q wdwbwks Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †hb ¯ú‡Ä AwZwi³ cvwb bv _v‡K| ¯úÄwU cvwb‡Z Wzwe‡q fvj K‡i wP‡c cvwb AcmviY K‡i Zvi ci ¯úÄwU e¨fnvi Ki‡Z n‡e|  

K‡qj c×wZ

K‡qj c×wZ‡Z mvaviYZ dzj`vbx, Kjg`vbx, QvB`vbx, gM BZ¨vw` Kiv nq|

K‡qj c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g AvVv‡jv gvwU‡K 24-25 fvM cvwb w`‡q nv‡Z fvj gZ `wjZ gw_Z K‡i †bqv nq| G KvR Ggbfv‡e Kiv nq hv‡Z gvwU K‡qj ˆZwii mgq ‡d‡U bv hvq ev nv‡Z †j‡M bv _v‡K| GLb ˆZwi gvwU †_‡K mvgvb¨ wKQz gvwU nv‡Z wb‡q mgZj †g‡S ev †Uwe‡j †i‡L `yB nv‡Zi Zvjy w`‡q W‡j j¤^v †K‡Puvi gZ K‡qj ˆZwi Kiv nq| K‡qj ˆZwii mgq jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †h GKB K‡q‡j me©Î †hb GKB e¨vm _v‡K Ges me K‡qj †hb GKB iKg nq| Z‡e hw` mn‡R GKB AvK…wZ I gv‡ci K‡qj ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq Z‡e Aek¨B G·UªyWvi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY G·UªyWvi gva¨‡g Pv‡c †V‡j WvB‡qi wQ‡`ªi  gva¨w`‡q mylg AvK…wZi K‡qj ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| ˆZwiK…Z K‡qj †hb †du‡U ev †f‡½ bv hvq| Gfv‡e K‡qj K‡i Zv wfRv Kvc‡o †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `ªæZ ïKv‡Z bv cv‡i|

‰ZwiK…Z K‡qj‡K GKwU GKwU K‡i †cuwP‡q `ª‡e¨i AvKvi †`Iqv nq| Gfv‡e †cuwP‡q AvKvi †`Iqvi mgq h‡_ó big nv‡Z K‡qj aiv nq hv‡Z K‡q‡ji Mv‡q Av½y‡ji `vM bv jv‡M| †cuPv‡bvi c~‡e© K‡q‡ji †h Ask †Rvov jvM‡e †m As‡ki Mv‡q nvjKvfv‡e AvovAvwo K‡i AvPo †K‡U wb‡Z nq Ges `yB K‡q‡ji gv‡S †K¬ w¯¬c w`‡q K‡qj‡K †Rvov jvMv‡bv nq| G‡Z K‡i GKwU K‡q‡ji mv‡_ Ab¨ K‡qjwU mn‡R †Rvov †j‡M hvq| ZvQvov GKwUi _v‡K Ab¨ K‡qjwU †cuPv‡bvi mgq mvgvb¨ cvwb w`‡qI Pvc †`Iqv nq| G Pvc †`Iqvi mgq jÿ¨ ivLv nq †hb K‡qj weK…Z bv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z Gfv‡e `ª‡e¨i AvKvi †`Iqv nq|

wPÎt K‡qjc×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi

K‡qj w`‡q `ª‡e¨i AvKvi `v‡bi ci †RvoK ¯’vbmg~n hw` †Kv_vI duvKv †`Lv hvq ev ‡Kvb AmvgÄm¨ _v‡K Z‡e Qzwi‡Z big gvwU wb‡q Zv wVK Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Qzwi w`‡q K‡q‡ji cÖvšÍ fvMmg~nI gm„Y K‡i wdwbwks KvR m¤úbœ Kiv nq|

¯øve c×wZ

¯øv‡ei gva¨‡g †h `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv mvaviYZ wewfbœ Ask wewkó nq| cÖ_‡g `ªe¨wUi cÖ‡Z¨K As‡ki j¤^v PIov gvc wKiƒc n‡e Zv wbY©q K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gevi ˆZwi gvwU‡K nv‡Z wb‡q †PcUv AvK…wZi evbv‡Z n‡e| G Ae¯’vq gvwU‡K mgZj †g‡S ev †Uwe‡j m‡Rv‡i wb‡ÿc K‡i iæwUi AvKvi †`qv nq| ¯øv‡ei cyiæZ¡ j¤^v PIov BZ¨vw` wVK ivLvi Rb¨ ¯ø¨ve †ivjvi ev ¯ø¨veg¨vU (slabmat) e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e nv‡Zi Zvjyi Pvc w`‡qI G KvR Kiv hvq| `yB cv‡k¦© `ywU mgvb c~iæ‡Z¡i †¯‹j ev Kv‡Vi UzKiv ewm‡q gvSLv‡b †K¬ ewW †i‡L †K¬ †iwjs wcb e¨envi K‡i iæwUi ˆZwii gZ ewW‡K cÖm¯’ K‡i mn‡RB ¯øve ˆZwi Kiv hvq|

wPÎt ¯øve ˆZwii c×wZ

gvwUi ˆZwi iæwU †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq gvc gZ `vM w`‡q GB `vM eivei †¯‹j a‡i Qzwi w`‡q †K‡U ¯øve ˆZwi Kiv nq| Gfv‡e GKvwaK msL¨K ¯øve †K‡U wb‡Z nq| ¯øve w`‡q `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cÖ_‡g `ª‡e¨i bx‡Pi As‡ki ¯øvewU‡K †Uwe‡ji mgvb RvqMvq ivLv nq| Gevi GK GKwU ¯øve wb‡q †RvoK ¯’vbmg~n fvj fv‡e AvuPo KvUv Ges H ¯’v‡b nvjKv cvwb ev Zij gvwU w`‡q h_v ¯’v‡b ewm‡q nvjKv Pv‡ci †Rvov jvMv‡bv nq| Gfv‡e GKwU GKwU As‡k †Rvov jvwM‡q `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv nq| `ª‡e¨i †Rvov¸‡jv AvjMv gvwU w`‡q K‡qj evwb‡q Av½y‡ji Pv‡c R‡q›U Kiv nq Ges cÖwZwU avi gm„Y K‡i wdwbwks Kiv nq|

wPÎt ¯øvec×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi

GQvovI wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m bKkv Kiv †gv‡ì †K¬ ewW‡K Pv‡ci gva¨‡g ¯øve ˆZwi Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq `ªe¨ ˆZwii ci ¯øve‡K wewfbœ wWRvB‡bi †K‡U A_ev Ly`vB K‡iI `ªe¨‡K AvKl©Yxq bKkvˆZwi Kiv nq| Avevi ¯øv‡ei Dci AvjMv bKkv ˆZwi K‡i jvwM‡q †`Iqv hvq|

Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ wdwbwks KiY

wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi ci Gi wdwbwks Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY `ªe¨ wdwbwks bv Ki‡j `ªe¨ AvKl©Yxq n‡e bv| `ª‡e¨i PZzi w`‡K fvjfv‡e †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb RvqMv evuKv bv _v‡K| `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q †Kvb iƒc Av½y‡ji Qvc ev †gv‡ìi `vM bv _v‡K| `ªe¨ ˆZwii ci nvjKv cvwb‡Z ¯úÄ wfwR‡q fvjfv‡e wP‡c cvwb AcmviY K‡i `ª‡e¨i PZz©cv‡k¦ gy‡Q w`‡Z nq| R‡q‡›Ui w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb ¯’v‡b duvKv †`Lv bv hvq| hw` duvKv _v‡K Z‡e Zv big gvwU w`‡q c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e| `ª‡e¨i PZzi cv‡k¦©i avi¸‡jvI mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †PwKs Ges µzwU wPwýZ I cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq

Drcvw`Z `ªe¨‡K fvjfv‡e †PwKs Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY `ªe¨ †PwKs Ki‡j `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b µzwU jÿ¨ Kiv hv‡e Ges µzwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ cª‡qvRb Abymv‡i e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hv‡e| `ªe¨vw` †PwKs Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß jvB‡Ui e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| `ªe¨vw` GKwU GKwU K‡i †PwKs Ki‡Z n‡e| †PwKs Kivi mgq e¨vwÛs ûBj e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| `ªe¨vw` †PwKs G †Kvb µzwU aiv co‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv gvK©vi w`‡q gvwKs© Ki‡Z n‡e Ges `ªe¨wU‡K Avjv`v K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| †PwKs Gi mgq wcwcB Aek¨B e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †PwKsK…Z `ªe¨vw` wjwLZ †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e|

Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨iK‡qKwU Kgb ÎæzwU

`ª‡e¨i c„ô Amgvb ev DuPzwbPz t`ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq `ª‡e¨i c„‡ô I‡qf ev DuPzwbPz _v‡K| GwU GKwU µzwU| mvaviYZ Amgvb ¯’v‡b ¯øve ˆZwi Ki‡j GB ai‡Yi µzwU n‡Z cv‡i| nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Pv‡ci gva¨‡g ¯øve ˆZwi Ki‡jI GB µzwU nq| KviY nv‡Zi gvc memgq mgvb nq bv|

cÖwZKvitAmgvb c„ô µzwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ ¯øve ˆZwii mgq mgvb RvqMv ev †g‡S‡Z ¯øve ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

`ª‡e¨i c~iæZ¡ Amgvbt  wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b `ª‡e¨i c~iæZ¡ mwVK ivLv KwVb| KviY `ªe¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqvi wKQz wKQz `ªe¨ nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq| ‡mB †ÿ‡Î `ª‡e¨i c~iæZ¡ mwVK _v‡Kbv| `ª‡e¨i c„ô †Kv_vI c~iæZ¡ †ewk Avevi †Kv_vI c~iæZ¡ Kg _v‡K|

cÖwZKvit  `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi mgq mZ©KZvi mv‡_ c~iæZ¡ wbY©q Ges c~iæZ¡ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv_vI †gvUv ev cvZjv c~iæZ¡ n‡j AwZwi³ Ask †K‡U A_ev cvZjv RvqMvq AwZwi³ gvwU †hvM K‡i c~iæZ¡ mgvb Kiv hvq| nv‡Z Pvc cÖ`vb Kivi mgq jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb ewW weK…Z bv n‡q hvq|

`ª‡e¨i Mv‡q `vMt  `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q `vM ev ¯Œ¨vP GKwU Kgb µzwU| A‡bK mgq `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q AwZmyÿè `vM _v‡K hv mn‡R †Pv‡L c‡o bv| wKš‘ `ªe¨ cyov‡bvi ci `vMwU cÖwZqgvb nq| `ªe¨ Drcv`b I `ªe¨ ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi mgq A‡bK mgq Av½z‡ji Qvc †j‡M _v‡K hv dvqvwis Gi ci ¯úó †`qv hvq|

cÖwZKvit  `ªe¨ mwVK fv‡e wdwbwks Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb cÖKvi `vM `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q bv †`Lv hvq| `ªe¨‡K †fuRv Ae¯’v mZ©KZvi mv‡_ ¯’vbvšÍi ev bvovPiv Kiv DwPZ †hb nv‡Zi †Kvb As‡ki `vM `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q †j‡M bv hvq|

`ª‡e¨i R‡q›U Am¤ú~Y©t  wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m `ª‡e¨i R‡q›U GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| `ª‡e¨i R‡q›U A‡bK mgq Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K d‡j `ªe¨ cyov‡bvi ci R‡q‡›Ui gvSLv‡b duvKv _v‡K| `ªe¨ R‡q›U mwVK bv n‡j `ªe¨wU evwZj n‡q hvq|

cÖwZKvit  `ªe¨ R‡q›U Kivi mgq R‡q‡›Ui RvqMv fvjfv‡e AvuP‡o big gvwU ev cvwb w`‡q `yB Ask nvjKv Pv‡c jvMv‡Z n‡e| R‡q›U jvMv‡bvi ci `ª‡e¨i R‡q‡›Ui w`‡K †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e †hb R‡q‡›Ui gvSLv‡K †Kvb Av‡jv †`Lv bv hvq| Av‡jv †`Lv †M‡j eyS‡Z n‡e R‡q›U mwVK nq bvB| ZLb R‡qw›U Ly‡j Avevi bZzb K‡i mwVK wbq‡g  R‡q‡›Ui KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

`ªe¨ Lm L‡m ev Agm„Yt  Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ gm„Y bv n‡j `ªe¨ AvKl©wYq nq bv| `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci hw` mwVK wdwbwks bv Kiv nq Z‡e `ªe¨ Agm„Y †_‡K hvq| d‡j `ªe¨ cyov‡bvi ci Zv LmL‡m †`Lvq hv e¨evn‡ii Rb¨ AbychyMx n‡q hvq|

cÖwZKvit `ªe¨ LmL‡m ev Agm„Y µzwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci `ªe¨‡K fvjfv‡e wdwbwks Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

`ª‡e¨i wKbviv aviv‡jvt `ªe¨ R‡q›U Kivi ci †`Lvi `ª‡e¨i wKbviv ¸‡jv aviv‡jv ev mvc© _v‡K| d‡j `ªe¨ e¨env‡ii mgq aviv‡jv As‡k AvNvZ cvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

cÖwZKvit  `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci `ª‡e¨i aviv‡jv Ask‡K gm„Y Ki‡Z n‡e| `ªe¨ KuvPv Ae¯’vq `ª‡e¨i wKbviv ¸‡jv ¯úÄ w`‡q N‡l aviv‡jv Ae¯’vi Aemvb NvUv‡Z n‡e|

`ªe¨ †eu‡K hvIqvt  wmivwg‡Ki `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi mgq mwVK wbq‡g †jvW ev Avb‡jvW bv Ki‡j `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ weK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| cyov‡bvi ci `ª‡e¨i GB weK…wZ `ª‡e¨i g~j KvVv‡gv‡K bó K‡i| †Mvj AvK…wZi `ªe¨ weK…Z n‡q Ifvj AvK…wZ n‡q hvq| d‡j`ª‡e¨i AvKvi,ˆ`N©¨ I cÖ¯’ Amgvb n‡q hvq|

cÖwZKvit  `ªe¨‡K Drcv`‡bi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ bvovPiv Kiv `iKvi| `ªe¨‡K †Kvgj nv‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| `ªe¨vw` cyov‡bvi Av‡M fvjfv‡e jÿ¨ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb Ask euvKv bv _v‡K| Avi hw` `ªe¨ cyov‡bvi c~‡e© euvKv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Z‡e Zv cybivq ms¯’vi K‡i `ªe¨vw` dvqvwis Ki‡Z n‡e|

`ªe¨ †d‡U hvIqvt  `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci `ªe¨ ﯋ ms‡KvP‡ii d‡j `ªe¨ †d‡U †h‡Z cv‡i| KuvPvgv‡ji AvVvjZv Kg n‡j `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci †d‡U hvq| †K¬ ewW‡Z cvwb ev g‡qkPvi †ewk _vK‡jI `ªe¨ ﮋ nIqvi mgq †d‡U †h‡Z cv‡i| Drcvw`Z `ªe¨vw` `ªæZ ﮋ Ki‡jI `ªe¨ †d‡U ‡h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖwZKvit `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ KuvPvgv‡ji cøvw÷wmwU wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z n‡e| †K¬ ewW‡Z g‡qkPvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci wbqwš¿Z nv‡i Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í ﮋ Ki‡Z n‡e| `ªe¨ ïKv‡bvi mgq mzlg Zvc wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

`ª‡e¨i wKbviv †f‡½ hvIqvt   `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci ﮋ `ªe¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq A_ev `ªe¨vw` GKwUi mv‡_ Ab¨wU ivLvi mgq ci®úi AvNv‡Z `ªe¨vw`i wKbviv ‡f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i| dvqvwis Gi Rb¨ `ªe¨vw` Pzwjø‡Z mvRv‡bvi mgq `ª‡e¨i wKbviv †f‡½ †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖwZKvit  `ªe¨vw` ¯’vbvšÍi ev ivLvi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ ivL‡Z n‡e| `ªe¨vw` mvRv‡bvi mgq †hb ci®úi AvNvZ bv jv‡M †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

`ª‡e¨ wcb‡nvjt  †K¬ ewW hw` fvj fv‡e cvwMs K‡i evqy gy³ bv Kiv nq Z‡e `ªe¨ Drcv`v‡bi ci `ª‡e¨i c„‡ô wcb †nv‡ji gZ wQ`ª †`Lv hvq| A‡bK mgq GB wcb †nvj `ªe¨vw` WªvBs Gi Av‡MB jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †K¬ ewW hw` fvjfv‡e wbwWs bv Kiv nq Z‡e †QvU †QvU KvKi KYv ewW‡Z _vK‡Z cv‡i| hv `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi ci wcb ‡nvj AvKv‡i †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|  A‡bK mgq `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q wcb‡nvj n‡q dzmKv co‡Z cv‡i|

cÖwZKvit †K¬ ewW‡K mwVK fv‡e cvwMs Ges wbwWs Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †K¬ ewW m¤ú~Y© evqy gy³ bv nIqv ch©šÍ cvwMs Ki‡Z n‡e| ewW n‡Z mKj cÖKvi Ac`ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e|

†mjd †PK 1.4.-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb -

cÖkœ-1:wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwii c×wZ¸‡jv Kx Kx wjLyb|

cÖkœ-2:Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ wdwbwks Kiv nq †Kb wjLyb|

cÖkœ-3:Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †PwKs Kiv nq †Kb wjLyb|

cÖkœ-4:Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i ÎæwU ¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb|

DËicÎ 1.4-1

DËi-1

nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq c×wZ ¸‡jv n‡jv t-

1| wcbwPs (pinching) c×wZ

2| K‡qj (coil) c×wZ

3| ¯øve (slab) c×wZ

DËi-2

Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ wdwbwks Kivi KviYt-

wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi ci Gi wdwbwks Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY `ªe¨ wdwbwks bv Ki‡j `ªe¨ AvKl©Yxq n‡e bv| `ª‡e¨i PZzi w`‡K fvjfv‡e †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb RvqMv evuKv bv _v‡K| `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q †Kvb iƒc Av½y‡ji Qvc ev †gv‡ìi `vM bv _v‡K| `ªe¨ ˆZwii ci nvjKv cvwb‡Z ¯úÄ wfwR‡q fvjfv‡e wP‡c cvwb AcmviY K‡i `ª‡e¨i PZz©cv‡k¦ gy‡Q w`‡Z nq| R‡q‡›Ui w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb ¯’v‡b duvKv †`Lv bv hvq| hw` duvKv _v‡K Z‡e Zv big gvwU w`‡q c~Y© Ki‡Z n‡e| `ª‡e¨i PZzi cv‡k¦©i avi¸‡jvI mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e|

DËi-3

Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †PwKsKivi KviYt-

Drcvw`Z `ªe¨‡K fvjfv‡e †PwKs Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY `ªe¨ †PwKs Ki‡j `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b µzwU jÿ¨ Kiv hv‡e Ges µzwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ cª‡qvRb Abymv‡i e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hv‡e| `ªe¨vw` †PwKs Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß jvB‡Ui e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| `ªe¨vw` GKwU GKwU K‡i †PwKs Ki‡Z n‡e| †PwKs Kivi mgq e¨vwÛs ûBj e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| `ªe¨vw` †PwKs G †Kvb µzwU aiv co‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv gvK©vi w`‡q gvwKs© Ki‡Z n‡e Ges `ªe¨wU‡K Avjv`v K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| †PwKs Gi mgq wcwcB Aek¨B e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †PwKsK…Z `ªe¨vw` wjwLZ †iKW© ivL‡Z n‡e|

DËi-4

Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i ÎæwU ¸‡jvi bvgt-

`ª‡e¨i c„ô Amgvb ev DuPzwbPz ÎæwU

`ª‡e¨i c~iæZ¡ AmgvbÎæwU

`ª‡e¨i Mv‡q `vMÎæwU

`ª‡e¨i R‡q›U Am¤ú~Y© ÎæwU

`ªe¨ Lm L‡m ev Agm„YÎæwU

`ª‡e¨i wKbviv aviv‡jvÎæwU

`ªe¨ †eu‡K hvIqvÎæwU

`ªe¨ †d‡U hvIqvÎæwU

`ª‡e¨i wKbviv †f‡½ hvIqvÎæwU

`ª‡e¨ wcb‡nvjÎæwU|

Kvh©µgcÎ (Re kxU) 1.4-1

wk‡ivbvg- wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

D‡Ïk¨- wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb|

Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Uzjm I hš¿cvwZ-‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb wk‡Ui ZvwjKv Abyhvqx|

c×wZ

·        cÖwkÿK‡K AewnZ Kiæb †h, Avcwb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z|

·        cÖwkÿK GLb Avcbv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KuvPvgvj meeivn Ki‡eb|

·        I Gm GBP Abykxjb K‡i KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Uzjm I hš¿cvwZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Av‡Q wKbv Zv cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        ‡K¬ ewW cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Kv‡Ri Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK wd«n¨vÛ `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        ¸YMZgvb AvR©‡b Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i µzwU mg~n wPwýZ K‡i wi‡cv©U Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv I ¸YMZgvb Abyhvqx `ªe¨wU cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        evwZj `ªe¨¸‡jv wPwýZ I Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Gici djvdj msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Uzjm,hš¿cvwZ Ges Kvh©‡ÿ·K Av`k©gvb Abyhvqx cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|

·        me‡k‡l AeR©bv mwVKfv‡e AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U c×wZ

Kvh©m¤úv`b gvb`‡Ûi ZvwjKv cÖ`k©b|

‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb kxU 1.4-1

Dc‡ii KvRwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KuvPvgvj cÖ‡qvRb n‡e-

wcwcB (e¨w³MZ wbivcËv RwbZ miÄvg)t-

·        †nqvi †bU

·        RyZv

·        G‡cÖvb

Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ GesKuvPvgvjt-

·        ev‡KU

·        Wv÷vi

·        †K¬

·        g‡Wwjs Uzjm (modeling tools)

·        jyc/wUªwgs Uzjm (loop/trimming tools)

·        wieb (ribbon)

·        wbWj (needle)

·        ¯Œ¨vcvi (scraper)

·        wie (rib)

·        Iq¨vi †K¬ KvUvi (wire clay cutter)

·        †K¬ n¨vgvi (clay hammer)

·        †K¬ gv‡jU (clay mallet)

·        †K¬ c¨v‡Wj (clay paddle)

·        †K¬ †ivwjs wcb (clay rolling pin)

·        ¯úvDU †gKvi (spout maker)

·        †K¬ †mcvi (clay shaper)

·        †K¬ KvUvi (clay cutter)

·        Kviwfs bvBd (carving knife)

·        Kviwfs eyD (carving bow)

·        myB‡Rj wóK (swizzle stick)

·        K¨vwjcvm© (calipers)

·        ¯ø¨ve g¨vU (slab mat)

·        ¯ø¨ve †ivjvi (slab roller)

·        K¨vbfvm KfvW© †evW© (canvas covered board)

·        eªvk (brush)

·        ¯úÄ (sponge)

·        †¯‹j (scale)

·        e¨vwÛs ûBj (banding wheel)

·        G·UªyWvi (extruder)

m~wPcÎ

†hfv‡e mÿgZvwfwËK GB wkLb DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e

GB gwWD‡j cÖwkÿY DcKiY I cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| GB Kvh©µg¸‡jv Avcbv‡K m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| †gBK cÖWv± evB wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡mm (n‡Zimvn‡h¨`ªe¨ˆZwiicªwµqv) GKwU Ab¨Zg mÿgZv| GB mÿgZvwU bwUwfwKD †j‡fj-1 †ckvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| GB †ckvi GKRb wgwWqvg ch©v‡qi `ÿ Kg©xi Rb¨ †h Ávb, `ÿZv I AvPiY cÖ‡qvRb Zv GB †Kv‡m© AšÍf~©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GB gwWD‡j ewY©Z wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K KZ ¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e wkLb Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| GBme Kg©KvÛ GKwU wbw`©ó †kÖwYK‡ÿ ev Ab¨ÎI m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkLbdj AR©‡b ‡h Ávb I `ÿZv AvqZ¡ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨ GB Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ mv‡_ Bbdi‡gkb wkU, wkLb Kvh©µg I †mjd †PK Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e| wbw`©ó Kg© cÖwµqvi m‡½ cÖvmw½K Ab¨vb¨ wkÿYxq welqI Kg©x‡`i‡K AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z n‡e|

wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi aviv Rvbvi Rb¨ gwWD‡j ewY©Z ÒwkLb Kvh©µgÓ AskwU AbymiY Kiæb| avivevwnKfv‡eRvbvi Rb¨ m~wPc‡Î Bbdi‡gkb wkU, Kvh©µg cÎ, wkLb Kvh©µg, wkLb dj Ges DËic‡Î c„ôv b¤¦i e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbw`©ó cv‡Vi mv‡_ mwVK mnvqK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ ÒwkLb Kvh©µgÓ AskwU †`L‡Z n‡e| GB wkLb Kvh©µg Ask Avcbvi mÿgZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †ivW g¨vc wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|

Bbdi‡gkb wkUwU co–b| G‡Z KvR m¤ú‡K© Ges mywbw`©ófv‡e KvR Kivi mg¨K aviYv cvIqv hv‡e| Bbdi‡gkb wkUwU cov †kl K‡iÔ†mjd †PK wkUÕ G DwjøwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi cÖ`vb Kiæb| wkLb MvB‡Wi Bbdi‡gkb wkU AbymiY K‡iÔ†mjd †PKÕ Kiæb| GKRb Kg©x Kxfv‡e Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î DbœwZ jvf K‡i‡Q †mwU Rvb‡Z Ô†mjd †PKÕ Avcbv‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| Ô†mjd †PKÕ KZUv mwVK n‡q‡Q Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ DËicÎ †`Lyb| GKRb Kgx© Kxfv‡e Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î DbœwZ jvf K‡i‡Q †mwU Rvb‡Z Ô†mjd †PK wkUÕ Avcbvi mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| Ô†mjd †PK wkUÕ KZUv fv‡jv K‡i‡Qb Zv Rvb‡Z ÔDËicÎÕ †`Lyb|

Kvh©µgc‡Î wb‡`©wkZ Dcv‡q hveZxq Kg©m¤úv`b Kiæb|GLv‡bB Avcwb bZzb mÿgZv AR©‡bi c‡_ Avcbvi bZzb Ávb Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡eb|

GB gwWDj Abyhvqx KvR Kivi mgq wbivcËv welqwU m¤ú‡K© memgq m‡PZb _vK‡eb| †Kv‡bv wel‡q Rvbvi _vK‡j d¨vwmwj‡UUi‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z ms‡KvP Ki‡eb bv|

GB wkLb MvB‡W wb‡`©wkZ me KvR †kl Kivi ci AwR©Z mÿgZv A¨v‡mm Kiv n‡e †h, Avcwb cieZx© g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ KZUzKz Dchy&³| cÖ‡qvRbxq me mÿgZv AR©b n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ gwWD‡ji †k‡l mÿgZv gvb`Û Gi GKwU †PKwj÷ †`qv n‡q‡Q| GB Z_¨wU †KejgvÎ Avcbvi wb‡Ri Rb¨| GwU †Kv‡bv `vßwiK Kv‡R e¨env‡ii Rb¨ bq|

 gwWD‡ji welqe¯Íy

gwWD‡ji wk‡ivbvg t †gBwKs cÖWv± evB wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡mm|

gwWD‡ji eY©Yv

GB gwWD‡j wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `ÿZv Ges AvPiY m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| GwU Avcbv‡K wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ KuvPvgvj mbv³ Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e Ges `ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi Uzjm wPwýZKi‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡e| GQvovI GB gwWD‡j wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwii wewfbœ †KŠkb m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GB wgwWD‡j AviI AšÍf~©³ i‡q‡Q Bbdi‡gkb wkU, †mjd †PK Ges Kvh©µg cÎ|

mgqKvj t 80 N›Uv

wkLbdj t

GB gwWD‡jwU †kl Kivi ci Avcwb hv Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb Zv n‡jv-

1| wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ KuvPvgvj mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| †K¬ ewW cÖ¯‘Z I msiÿY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ Uzjm mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4| wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ ‰Zwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5| Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i ÎæwU wPwýZ I cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

6| Kg©‡ÿÎ cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

cÖwkÿbv_x©‡K wb‡¤œv³ Kg©m¤úv`b gvb`‡Ûi wfwˇZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e-

1| cÖ‡qvRbxq Uzjm I DciKY e¨envi c~‡e©, c‡i Ges e¨env‡ii mgq mKj wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| µwU c~Y© Uzjm mbv³ Ki‡Z Ges ¯^xK…Z c×wZ Abymv‡i †givgZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| wd«n¨vÛ c×wZ‡Z cY¨ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ KuvPvgvj mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4| KuvPvgv‡ji †fŠZ ¸bvewj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5| cÖ‡Z¨K KuvPvgv‡ji e¨envi Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

6| KuvPvgvj cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

7| wd«n¨vÛ cÖ‡m‡mi wewfbœ c×wZi gva¨‡g wmivwgK `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

8| Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i mvaviY µwU Ges µwUi KviY mg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

9| wPwýZ µwUi cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

10|Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i ¸bMZ gvb hvPvB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

11| Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi ÷¨vÛvW© Abyhvqx Kg©‡ÿÎ Ges Uzjm cwi¯‹vi cwi”Qbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

12| wkí KviLvbvi wbqg Abymv‡i eR©¨ AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|