‡hfv‡e mÿgZvwfwËK GB wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e

GB gwWD‡j cÖwkÿY DcKiY I cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| GB Kvh©µg¸‡jv Avcbv‡K m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| mwjW A¨vÛ †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi KiY GKwU Ab¨Zg mÿgZv|GB mÿgZvwU GbwUwfwKDGd‡j‡fj-1 ‡ckvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb| GB †ckvi GKRb wgwWqvg chv©‡qi `ÿ Kgx©i Rb¨ †h Ávb,`ÿZv I AvPiY cÖ‡qvRb Zv GB †Kv‡m© Aš—f©z³Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GB gwWD‡j ewY©Z wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K avivevwnKfv‡eKZK¸‡jv wkLb Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| GBme Kg©KvÛ GKwU wbw`©ó†kÖYxK‡ÿ ev Ab¨ÎI m¤úbœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wbw`©ó Kg© cÖwµqvi m‡½ cÖvmw½K Ab¨vb¨ wkÿYxq welqI Kgx©‡`i‡K AvqË¡ Ki‡Z n‡e|

wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi aviv Rvbvi Rb¨ gwWD‡j ewY©Z ÒwkLb Kvh©µgÓ AskwU AbymiY Kiæb| avivevwnK fv‡e Rvbvi Rb¨ m~Pxc‡Î Bbdi‡gkb wkU,Kvh©µgcÎ,wkLb Kvh©µg, wkLbdj Ges DËic‡Î c„ôv b¤^i e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wbw`©ó cv‡Vi mv‡_ mwVK mnvqK Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ wkLb Kvh©µg AskwU †`L‡Z n‡e| GB wkLbKvh©µg Ask Avcbvi mÿgZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †ivW g¨vc wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|

Bbdi‡gkb wkUwU co–b|G‡Z KvR m¤ú‡K© Ges mywbw`©ófv‡e KvR Kivi mg¨K aviYv cvIqv hv‡e| Bbdi‡gkb wkUwU cov †kl K‡iÒ‡mjd †PK wkUÓ-G DwjøwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi cÖ`vb KiæY| wkLb MvB‡Wi Bbdi‡gkb wkU AbymiY K‡iÒ†mjd †PKÓ Kiæb| GKRb Kgx© wKfv‡e Kv‡Ri †ÿ†Î DbœwZ jvf K‡i‡Q ‡mwU Rvb‡Z Ò†mjd †PKÓ Avcbv‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e| Ò‡mjd †PK wkUÓ KZUv fvj K‡i‡Qb Zv Rvb‡Z ÒDËicÎÓ †`Lyb|

Kvh©µgc‡Î wb‡`©wkZ Dcv‡q hveZxq Kg©m¤úv`b Kiæb| GLv‡bB Avcwb bZzb mÿgZv AR©‡bi c‡_ Avcbvi bZzb Ávb Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡eb| 

GB gwWDj Abyhvqx KvR Kivi mgq wbivcËv welqwU m¤ú‡K© memgq m‡PZb _vK‡eb| ‡Kvb wel‡q Rvbvi _vK‡j d¨v‡mwj‡UUi †K cÖkœ Ki‡Z ms‡KvP Ki‡eb bv|

GB wkLb MvB‡W wb‡`©wkZ me KvR †kl Kivi ci AwR©Z mÿgZv A¨v‡mm Kiv n‡e †h, Avcwb cieZx© g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ KZUzKz Dchy³| cÖ‡qvRbxq me mÿgZv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ gwWD‡ji †k‡l mÿgZv gvb`Û Gi GKwU †PKwjó †`qv n‡q‡Q| GB Z_¨wU †Kej gvÎ Avcbvi wb‡Ri Rb¨| GwU †Kvb `vßwiK Kv‡R e¨env‡ii Rb¨ bq|

gwWD‡ji welqe¯‘y

gwWD‡ji wk‡ivbvg :   †gBwKs †cÖvWv± evB mwjW A¨vÛ †WªBb Kvw÷s cÖ‡mm

gwWD‡ji eb©bv

GB gwWD‡j mwjW A¨vÛ †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb,`ÿZv Ges AvPiY m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q| GwU Avcbv‡K Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z e¨en„Z ‡gvì cÖ¯‘wZ,w¯øc Øviv †gvì c~Y© KiY Ges Kvw÷s cyiæZ¡ I cyiæZ¡ m„w÷ nIqvi mgq m¤ú‡K© mnvqZv Ki‡e| GQvovI ‡gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Kiv mn Kg©‡ÿÎ, Uzjm Ges hš¿cvwZ cwi¯‹vi I †gBb‡Ub Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| GB gwWDjwU Avcbv‡K `ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ wewfbœ †gwkb I hš¿cvwZ wPwýZ Ki‡YI mÿg Ki‡e|

mgqKvj : 80 N›Uv

wkLbdj:

GB gwWDjwU †kl Kivi ci,GKRb wkÿv_x©-

1.e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg Abykxjb Ges AbymiY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2.Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Kvw÷s w¯¬c I †gvì mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3. ‡Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4.mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

5. ‰Zwi Kiv `ª‡e¨i ত্রুটি wPwýZ K‡i †m¸‡jv `~i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

6. Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv:

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡K wb‡¤œv³ Kর্মm¤cv`bgvb`‡Ûi wfwˇZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

1.cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿ I DcKib e¨env‡ii c~‡e©, c‡i Ges  e¨env‡ii mgq mKj wbivcËvg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2. cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿ I DcKib e¨env‡ii c~‡e©, c‡i Ges e¨env‡ii mgq ÎæwUc~Y© hš¿cvwZ mbv³      K‡i ¯^xK…Z c×wZ Abymv‡i †givgZ Kivi Rb¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3. ‡gv‡ìi cvU© ev cvU©¸‡jv cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4.  cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †gv‡ì WªvB jyweª‡K›U(U¨vé cvDWvi) jvMv‡Z cvi‡eb|

5. ‡gv‡ìi mKj cvU©¸‡jv GK‡Î mshy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

6. ‡gv‡ì wmøc Xvjvi c~‡e© Dnv‡Z mwVK fv‡e ivevi e¨vÛ †mU Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

7. Kvw÷s †Uwe‡ji Dci †gvì h_vhZfv‡e emv‡Z cvi‡eb |

8. GKvwaK cvU© wewkó †gvì n‡j †m¸‡jv‡K K¬v¤ú w`‡q GK‡Î AvUKv‡Z cvi‡eb|

9. ‡gvì wmg‡jm K‡i emv‡Z cvi‡eb|

10. Kvw÷s †nvj w`‡q †gv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb gZ w¯øc Xvj‡Z cvi‡eb|

11. mwjW Kvw÷s †gv‡ìi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbgZ †gv‡ì AwZwi³ w¯øc Xvj‡Z cvi‡eb|

12. ‡Wªb Kvw÷s †gv‡ì ˆZwi nIqv `ª‡e¨i Kvw÷s †iU †PK Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

13. ‡gvì †_‡K AwZwi³ w¯øc ‡Wªb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

14. ‰Zwi `ªe¨ Kvw•LZ cwigv‡b kw³ cÖvß n‡j Zv †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

15. KvuPv `ª‡e¨i ÎæwU¸‡jv mbv³ K‡i †m¸‡jvi cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

16. `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kivi ci KviLvbvi gvb`Û Abyhvqx cybivq †PK Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

17. Kvw•LZ MV‡bi `ªe¨ †c‡Z KvuPv `ªe¨‡K wUªwgs Ges gm„b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

18. KvuPv`ªe¨ ciewZ© Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb | 

19. KvuPv`ª‡e¨i ÎæwU wPwýZ K‡i m¤¢ve¨ mwVK cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

20. e¨w³ Ges cwi‡ek‡K SzwK n‡Z iÿv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

21. `ª‡e¨i Av`k©gvb I ¸YMZgvb †PK Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

22. mywbw`©ó IqvK© wmwWDj †gvZv‡eK KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

23. Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi c×wZ Abymv‡i Uzjm&, hš¿cvwZ cwi®‹vi K‡i hvPvB I gRyZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

24. Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi c×wZ Abymv‡i ÎæwUc~Y© hš¿cvwZ wPwýZ K‡i wi‡cvU© Ki‡Zcvi‡eb|

25. Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi c×wZ Abymv‡i Kg©‡ÿÎ cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z I eR© AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

26. Kg©©‡ÿ‡Îi Av`k©gvb Abymv‡i eR© AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj - Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Kvw÷s w¯¬c I †gvì mbv³ KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb kxU 2.2-1

Kvw÷s w¯¬c I †gvì

wkLb D‡Ïk¨

GB Bbdi‡gkb wmU covi ci Avcwb wmivwgK wkí KviLvbvq e¨eüZ ewW w¯¬c I †gvì m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z m¶g n‡eb|

wmivwgK wkí KviLvbvq e¨eüZ Kvw÷s w¯¬c I †gvì mg~n -

·        ewW w¯¬c

·        †WbwmwU

·        wf‡¯‹vwmwU

·        d¬yBwWwU

·        w_‡·vUªwc

·        Kvw÷s †iU

·        †mwUs ev †Rwjs ¸Yvejx

·        †Wªb ¸Yvejx

·        Kvw÷s k‡ci ZvcgvÎv I Av`ª©Zv

·        ms‡KvPb

·        WªvB †óªs_

·        †gvì

 w¯ø‡ci Dcv`vb:

ewW wKK/ ewW wgkÖb, cvwb, wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U             

Kvw÷s w¯¬c                             

Kvw÷s w¯¬c-Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m wmivwgK `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b w¯¬c e¨eüZ nq| wmivwgK ewWi Dcv`vb ¸‡jv hLb cvwb‡Z fvmgvb Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb ewWi Dcv`vb Ges cvwbi wgkªY‡K w¯¬c e‡j| w¯¬‡ci Dcv`vb cÖavbZ `yBwU - GKwU n‡jv ewWi KwVb Dcv`vb¸‡jv Ges AciwU n‡jv cvwb|w¯¬c AvVv‡jvZv ¸b m¤cbœ IZijAe¯’vq Ae¯’vb Kivq G†K†gv‡ì †X‡jKvw•LZ AvK…wZi wmivwg‡Ki `ªe¨vw`i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| ﮋ Ae¯’vq Bnv h‡_ó ﮋ kw³ (Dry Strength) m¤cbœ nq| d‡j `ªe¨‡K AvK…wZ †`qvi ci †Kvbiƒc ¶wZ QvovB bvovPvov Kivi gZ ch©vß kw³ AR©b K‡i| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Gi KwVb Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY hZUv m¤¢e †ekx (70%-75%) ivLv n‡q _v‡K| hv‡Z K‡i Bnv‡K mn‡R †gv‡ì Xvjv hvq|A‡c¶vK…Z Kg mg‡q `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| †gvì Øviv AwaK msL¨K `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|Z‡e †h cÖwµqvq †gv‡ì w¯¬c †X‡j `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Dnv‡K Kvw÷s †UKwbK ev ms‡¶‡c Kvw÷s e‡j| Kvw÷s mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| h_v- mwjW Kvw÷s I †Wªb Kvw÷s|

†WbwmwU- Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqvq w¯¬‡ci †WbwmwU Z_v NbZ¡ GKwU Acwinvh© welq| w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ G‡Z we`¨gvb KwVb Dcv`vb I cvwbi cwigv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| mvavibZ hLb w¯¬c ˆZwi Kiv nq ZLb G‡Z cÖvq 50% cvwb _v‡K| cvwbi cwigv‡bi DciB w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|cvwbi cwigvY †ewk n‡j w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ K‡g hvq| w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ ej‡Z Gi GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡KB eywS‡q _v‡K| Kvw÷s w¯¬‡c `ªe¨‡f‡` cvwbi cwigv‡bi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- †UwejIq¨vi Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ Kvw÷s ewW w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ A‡c¶vK…Z Kg n‡q _v‡K| c¶vš—‡i m¨v‡bUvixIq¨vi ewW w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ A‡c¶vK…Z †ekx n‡q _v‡K|mvaviYZ †UwejIq¨vi ewW w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ 1.76 - 1.78 MÖvg/wmwm n‡q _v‡K| Avi m¨v‡bUvixIq¨vi ewW w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡cÖvq 1.82 MÖvg/wmwm n‡q _v‡K| e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î †Wªb Kvw÷s w¯ø‡ci NbZ¡ Kg cÿvbvZ‡i mwjW Kvw÷s w¯ø‡ci NbZ¡ †ekx _v‡K|

wf‡¯‹vwmwU- wmivwgK wkí KviLvbvq Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b w¯¬c GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| gvb m¤cbœ `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Kvw÷s w¯¬c Gi †h mg¯— ¸bvejx wbqš¿b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb wf‡¯‹vwmwU Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| wf‡¯‹vwmwU w¯¬‡ci Ggb GKwU ¸b hv w¯¬c cÖev‡n evuavi m„wó K‡i| GK K_vq w¯¬‡ci cÖev‡ni mg‡q wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †h evuavi m¤§yLxb nq Dnv‡KB wf‡¯‹vwmwU e‡j| mvaviYZ w¯¬‡c cvwbi cwigvY †ekx _vK‡j w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwUIK‡g| Avi cvwbi cwigvY Kg _vK‡j Bnvi wf‡¯‹vwmwUI evo‡Z _v‡K| Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi mgq mvaviY w¯¬‡ci b¨vq 50% cvwb ivLv nq bv| eis w¯¬c‡K wdëvwis K‡i wdëvi †KK ˆZwi Kiv nq| cieZ©x ch©v‡q wdëvi †KK‡K `xN© mgqe¨vcx GwRs Kiv nq| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wdëvi †KK bv K‡i GwR‡UU‡i w¯¬c GwRs Kiv nq| e¨envwiK †¶‡Î `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b w¯¬‡ci mv‡_ cÖvq 30% ch©š— cvwb we`¨gvb _v‡K| G‡Z w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU K‡g Av‡m| Z_v w¯¬‡ci cÖevwnZvI K‡g Av‡m| d‡j w¯¬c †gv‡ì Xvj‡Z `xN© mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges w¯¬c †Wªb Ki‡ZI †ekx mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i| GB Amyweav wbimb Kivi Rb¨ w¯¬‡ci cÖevwnZv e„w× Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GRb¨ w¯¬‡ci mv‡_ wKQz ivmvqwbK c`v_© †hgb- †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU I †mvWv A¨vk †hvM K‡i w¯¬‡ci cÖevwnZv e„w× Kiv hvq| d‡j w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwUI e„w× cvq| ZvB w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU wbqš¿b Kiv GKwU AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq| wf‡¯‹vwmwU wbqš¿b Ki‡Z †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU I †mvWv A¨vk GKwU wbw`©ó gvÎv ch©š— e¨envi Kiv hvq| wbw`©ó gvÎvi †P‡q Gi cwigvY Kg ev †ekx n‡j wecixZ dj n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wf‡¯‹vwmwU wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨ ïaygvÎ †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU I †mvWv A¨vk mw¤§wjZfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡j DËg dj cvIqv hvq| wf‡¯‹vwmwUi GKK n‡jv c‡qm|†Wªb Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU 6 †_‡K 12 c‡qm ivLv nq Ges mwjW Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU 14 †_‡K 28 c‡qm ivLv nq| Z‡e `ª‡e¨ e¨eüZ KvPvgv‡ji ¸Yv¸Y I `ªe¨‡f‡` Gi gvÎvi ZviZg¨ n‡Z cv‡i| GUv eûjvs‡k ev¯—e AwfÁZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

d¬ywWwU / cÖevwnZv- d¬ywWwU Zij c`v‡_©i Ab¨Zg ¸b| †Kvb Zij c`v_©‡K †Kvb mgZ‡ji Dci †i‡L w`‡j Dnv Avcbv Avcwb wb‡Ri ¯’vb cwieZ©b Kivi ¸Y‡K D³ c`v‡_©i d¬ywWwU ev cÖevwnZv e‡j| ewW w¯¬‡ci †¶‡ÎI Bnv LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| w¯¬‡ci cÖevwnZv Gi wf‡¯‹vwmwUi DciB eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU †ekx n‡j Gi cÖevwnZvI Kg n‡q _v‡K Avi †ekx _vK‡j cÖevwnZvI K‡g Avm‡e| w¯¬c †gv‡ì Lye `ª“ZZg mg‡qi g‡a¨ Xvjv Ges †gvì †_‡K †Wªb Kiv Acwinvh©| †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvj‡Z Ges †Wªb Ki‡Z †ekx mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨i cyi“‡Z¡i ZviZg¨ n‡e| ZvQvovI `ª‡e¨i Af¨š—ifv‡M wbt‡kwlZ w¯¬‡ci ¯—‡ii `vM †j‡M _vK‡e| G mg¯— Amyweav wbim‡bi Rb¨ w¯¬‡ci d¬ywWwU LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Avi w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU wbqš¿‡bi gva¨‡gB d¬ywWwU wbqš¿b Kiv nq|w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU Kg n‡j Gi d¬ywWwU ev‡o| A_©vr G‡K Ac‡ii wecixZgyLx Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i|

Kvw÷s †iU- Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`v‡bi mgq †gvì KZ©…K wbw`©ó mg‡q †h nv‡i ewWi ¯—i ev Kv÷ ˆZwi nq Dnv‡K Kvw÷s †iU e‡j| Kvw÷s †iU Kv‡÷i †WbwmwU, †gv‡ìi †cv‡ivwmwU, †gv‡ìi ﮋZvGes `ª‡e¨i cyi“‡Z¡i DciB eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| †Kvb `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi mgq Gi cyi“Z¡ c~e©wba©vwiZ mxgvi g‡a¨ _v‡K| Z‡e Zv GKUv wbw`©ó mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ ivLv nq| Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i `ªe¨ †c‡Z KZ mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Zv Rvbv Avek¨K| Kvib Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i `ªe¨ ˆZwi nIqvi ci Aewkó w¯¬c †Wªb K‡i wb‡Z nq| m`¨ ˆZwiK…Z †gv‡ì Kv‡÷i ¯—i co‡Z A‡c¶vK…Z Kg mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| c¶vš—‡i †gv‡ìi Avqy®‹vj e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ ¯—i covi mgqI e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| Kvib †gv‡ìi Avqy®‹vj e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi cvwb †kvlY ¶gZv µgvš^‡q K‡g Av‡m| GK ch©v‡q ¯—i co‡Z Lye `xN© mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i| ZLb Zv Avi e¨envi Dc‡hvMx _v‡K bv| A_©vr GKwU †gvì Øviv wbw`©ó msL¨K `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq Kvw÷s †iU hZ Kg nq ZZB A_©‰bwZKfv‡e myweavRbK| Z‡e Lye `ª“Z Kvw÷s †iU mKj †¶‡Î mydj e‡q Av‡b bv| GUv GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ nIqv evÃbxq|`ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡ †f‡` Kvw÷s mgqKvj 15 wgwbU †_‡K 1 N›Uv ch©š— n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv GB mg‡qi ZviZg¨ n‡Z cv‡i|

Kvw÷s w_K‡bm- Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡‡KB Kvw÷s w_K‡bm ejv nq| me `ª‡e¨i Kvw÷s w_K‡bm GKiKg _v‡K bv| `ªe¨‡f‡` GB w_K‡bm Gi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨i mvBR Z_v AvKvi Abyhvqx `ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡ wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU AvK…wZi `ª‡e¨i Kvw÷s w_K‡bm Kg nq| c¶vš—‡i `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ eo nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi Kvw÷s w_K‡bm µgvš^‡q e„w× K‡i ivLv nq| gyjZ `ª‡e¨i e¨envi †hvM¨ ¯’v‡bi AvqZb I wMÖb †÷ªs_ Gi Rb¨ Kvw÷s w_K‡bm wbqš¿b Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡ c~e©wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K| Kvib Giv `ywU †gvì mvi‡d‡mi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U-GKwU w¯¬‡c †h mKj Dcv`v‡bi Dcw¯’wZi `i“b Gi MvpZ¡ nªvm cvq Ges cÖevwnZv e„w× cvq Zv‡K wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U e‡j|mvaviY w¯¬‡c mvaviYZ †hLv‡b 50% †_‡K 70% cvwb _v‡K †mLv‡b 30% cvwb †hvM K‡iB GKB gv‡bi w¯¬c cvIqv hvq ïaygvÎ Aí cwigvY wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U e¨env‡iB|†Wªb Kvw÷s w¯¬‡c wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U 0.18% e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| c¶vš—‡i mwjW Kvw÷s w¯¬‡c Gi gvÎv 0.25% n‡q _v‡K|

mwjW Ges †Wªb Kvw÷s w¯¬c Øviv DËgiƒ‡c `ªe¨ ˆZix Kivi Rb¨ Gi KwZcq ¸bvejx _vKv Avek¨K| Gme ¸bvejxi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv Gi cÖevwnZv| Gi d‡j w¯¬c‡K Zwor †gv‡ì Xvjv hvq I †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv hvq|

†K¬ enbKvix ewW w`‡q DËg Kvw÷s w¯¬c ˆZix Kiv mnR KvR bq| KviY Gi †Kvb mywbw`©ó wbqg ev c×wZ †bB| KviY w¯¬c ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ gvwU memgq GKB gvb m¤cbœ nq bv| eis †`Lv hvq †h gvwUi ¸bMZ gvb G‡KK mgq G‡KK iKg n‡q _v‡K| A_©vr G‡`i Dcv`v‡bi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov w¯¬c ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkªZ LwbR Dcv`v‡biI ZviZg¨ _v‡K| hvi d‡j w¯¬‡ci mv‡_ †hvM Kiv ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i wewµqvI wewfbœ iKg n‡q _v‡K| Zv m‡Ë¡I cÖ¯‘ZK…Z w¯¬‡ci mywbw`©ó wfm‡KvwmwU, †mwUs UvBg _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Gi Øviv cÖ¯‘ZK…Z `ªe¨ mylg ¸bv¸Y m¤cbœ n‡Z n‡e|Kvw÷s w¯¬‡c wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U wnmv‡e †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU I †mvWv A¨vk e¨envi Kiv nq

†gvì- †gv‡ìi AvwfavwbK A_© nj QvuP| †gvì MnŸi d¬vU ev Amg AvK…wZi Ggb GKwU DcKiY hvi Øviv Drcvw`Z GK ev Dfq c„‡ôi GKwU `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ w`‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| wmivgK wk‡í mvavibZ c­v÷vi †gvì e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kvib c­v÷v†iiˆZwi †gv‡ì AmsL¨ wQ`ª _v‡K| GB wQ`ª¸‡jv Lye my¶œ nIqvq wQ‡`ªi K¨vwcjvwiwUi Kvi‡b `ªe¨ †_‡K cvwb †kvlb K‡i †bq| ZvQvov c­v÷v†iiwb‡RiI cvwb †kvlY ¶gZv i‡q‡Q| c­v÷v†ii†gvì cvwb †kvlb Kivq `ªe¨ AvKv‡i †QvU n‡q hvq Ges `ª‡e¨i c„ó‡`kI AZ¨š— gm„Y n‡q _v‡K| c­v÷vi cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q Zij c­v÷vi †X‡j AwZ mn‡RB †gv‡ì AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| g~jZ Gmg¯— Kvi‡bB †gvì ˆZwi‡Z c­v÷vie¨envi Kiv nq| c­v÷v†iiˆZwi †gvì Øviv `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi mgq †gvì KZ©…K cvwb †kvwlZ nq| cieZ©x ch©v‡q Gi Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi c~‡e© G‡K ïwK‡q wb‡Z nq| Z‡e bZzb fv‡e ˆZwiK…Z †gvì Øviv Kvw÷s Gi c~‡e© G‡K mvgvb¨ cwigvY W¨v¤c K‡i wb‡Z nq| wkí KviLvbvq `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ciciB †gvì‡K cwi®‹vi K‡i Wªvqv‡i ﮋ K‡i †bqv nq|Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i aiY Abymv‡i †gvì mvavibZ `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|

h_v- 1| †Wªb Kvw÷s †gvì

2| mwjW Kvw÷s †gvì

·        †Wªb Kvw÷s†gvì-

G c×wZ‡Z c­v÷vi †gvì `ª‡e¨i GK c„‡ôi AvK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i|†gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjvi ci Gi Af¨š—ifv‡Mi c„ô‡`‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY Av¯—ib m„wó nIqvi ci AwZwi³ w¯¬c †Wªb Kiv nq| Zvici `ªe¨‡K †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ †i‡L mvgvb¨ cwigvY ïwK‡q †gv‡ìi †_‡K †QvU n‡j †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq|

·        mwjW Kvw÷s†gvì-

G cÖwµqvq c­v÷vi†gv‡ìi `yB c„‡ói ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b w¯¬c Xvjv nq| Gici †gv‡ìi wfZi `ªe¨ k³ nIqvi ci †gv‡ìi Ask¸‡jv AcmviY K‡i `ªe¨ ïKv‡bv nq|

†mjd †PK 2.2-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

K| w¯¬c ej‡Z wK eySvq ?

L| w¯¬‡ci †WbwmwU ej‡Z wK eySvq ?

M| †Wªb Kvw÷s I mwjW Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwUi mxgv D‡j­L Ki“b ?

N| w¯¬‡ci d¬ywWwUi ¸i“Z¡ wjLyb ?

O| Kvw÷s †iU †Kvb †Kvb wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

K| w¯¬‡ci cÖavb Dcv`vb wZbwU|

L| ewW w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ 1.76 - 1.78 MÖvg/wmwm n‡q _v‡K|

M| w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU Kg n‡j d¬ywWwU ev‡o|

N| `ª“ZKvw÷s †iU mKj †¶‡Î g½j e‡q Av‡b|

O| †Wªb Kvw÷s w¯¬‡c wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U 0.28% e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Ki“Y -

K| †gv‡ì w¯¬c †X‡j `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv‡K -------- e‡j|

L| `ª‡e¨i --------- Gi Rb¨ Kvw÷s w_K‡bm wbqš¿b Ki‡Z nq|

M| w¯¬‡ci cÖevwnZv Gi ---------- DciB eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj|

N| `ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡¡ †f‡` ------------- 15 wgwbU †_‡K 1 N›Uv ch©š— n‡q _v‡K|

O| w¯¬c ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZ gvwU memgq GKB ----------- nq bv|

DËicÎ 2.2-1

DËi-1 

wmivwgK ewWi Dcv`vb ¸‡jv hLb cvwb‡Z fvmgvb Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb ewWi Dcv`vb Ges cvwbi wgkªY‡K w¯¬c e‡j| A_v©r KwVb I Zi‡ji fvmgvb mylg wgkÖb‡K w¯øc e‡j|

DËi-2

w¯¬‡ci NbZ¡ ej‡Z Gi GKK AvqZ‡bi fi‡KB eywS‡q _v‡K|

DËi-3

†Wªb Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU 6 †_‡K 12 c‡qm ivLv nq Ges mwjW Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci wf‡¯‹vwmwU 14 †_‡K 28 c‡qm ivLv nq|

DËi-4

w¯¬c †gv‡ì Lye `ª“ZZgmg‡qi g‡a¨ Xvjv Ges †gvì †_‡K †Wªb Kiv Acwinvh©|

DËi-5

Kvw÷s †iU Kv‡÷i †WbwmwU, †gv‡ìi †cv‡ivwmwU Ges `ª‡e¨i cyi“‡Z¡i DciB eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|

DËi- mZ¨/ wg_¨v

K| wg

L| m

M| m

N| wg

O| wg

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb cyiY

K| Kvw÷s †UKwbK

L| wMÖb †÷ªs_

M|wf‡¯‹vwmwUi

N| Kvw÷s mgqKvj

O|gvb m¤cbœ

wkLbdj 3: ‡Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ†Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

welqe¯‘

1| GK cvU©/ `yB cvU©/ wZb cvU©/ eûcvU©wewkó †gvì Kvw÷s Gi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv|

2| †gv‡ì Kvw÷s w¯¬c XvjvB Kiv|

3| `ª‡e¨i mwVK cyi“Z¡ wbwðZ Kiv|

4| w¯¬c †Wªb AvDU Kiv|

5| `ªe¨‡K †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| GK cvU©/ `yB cvU©/ wZb cvU©© ©/ eûcvU©wewkó †gvì Kvw÷s Gi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| †gv‡ì Kvw÷s w¯¬c XvjvB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| `ª‡e¨i mwVK cyi“Z¡ wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4| w¯¬c †Wªb AvDU Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5| `ªe¨‡K †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vewj

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e -

·        c­v÷vi†gvì

·        Kvw÷s w¯¬c

·        evjwZ

·        gM/ †ccvi ev c­vw÷‡KiKvc

eo ievi e¨vÛ

·        †K¬ ¯cÄ

·        †K¬ KvwUs Qzwi

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj: ‡Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ†Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb kxU 2.3-1

‡Wªb Kvw÷s

wmivwgK `ªe¨vw` wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| g~jZ `ª‡e¨i AvKvi AvK…wZ Ges ¸bvejxi DciGi AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi c×wZ wbf©i K‡i| †Wªb Kvw÷s `ªe¨ AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi GKwU Ab¨Zg c×wZ| mvaviYZ RwUjI dvucv AvK…wZi `ªe¨vw`¸‡jv Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †h mg¯— `ªe¨vw` ûB‡j AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e bq †m mKj `ªe¨vw` Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv mvaviY AvK…wZi `ªe¨vw`I Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv hvq| GB c×wZ‡Z`ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z AwaK mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq|†h cÖwµqvq †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ w¯¬c †X‡j GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ci †gv‡ìi Af¨š—i fv‡MGKwU ¯—i m„wó nIqvi ci †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †X‡j †d‡j †`qv nq Dnv‡KB †Wªb Kvw÷s e‡j| †gvì Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi c~‡e© hw` †gvì W¨v¤c g‡b nq Zvn‡j Zv ïwK‡q wb‡Z nq| Avi †gvìwU m`¨ ˆZwi n‡j G‡K cvwb‡Z ¯^í mgq wfwR‡q wb‡Z nq| G‡Z Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ ΓwUc~Y© nIqvi SzuwK K‡g Avm‡e| †Wªb Kvw÷s G n‡jv / dvucv AvK…wZi `ªe¨vw`i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|†hgb- mvaviY Kvc, evwU| GQvov †h mg¯— `ªe¨vw`i DcwifvM I wbæfv‡Mi Zzjbvq ga¨fvM cÖk¯— A_ev mi“ H ai‡bi `ªe¨vw` †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq| †hgb- wU cU, myMvi cU, wgé cU BZ¨vw`| RwUj AvK…wZi `ªe¨vw` †hgb- IqvUvi †K¬v‡RU, Iqvk †ewmb BZ¨vw`|

·        w¯¬c c­v÷vi Ae c¨vwim †gv‡ìi MnŸ‡i Xvjv n‡q‡Q|

·         cvwb c­v÷viAe c¨vwim †gv‡ì †kvwlZ nIqvq †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡Mi Mv †N‡l GKwU `„p ¯—i

MwVZ n‡q‡Q|

·        AwZwi³ w¯¬c †X‡j †djv n‡q‡Q|

·        †gvì †_‡K wMÖb ewW AcmviY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

wb‡¤œ GK cvU© wewkó †gv‡ìi mvnv‡h¨ †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z GKwU Kvc ˆZwii wewfbœ avc mg~n wPÎ mn †`Lv‡bv n†jv -

wPÎt `ª‡e¨i †gvì I KvswLZ KvuPv `ªe¨|

1|†gvìwU W¨v¤c n‡j G‡K ïwK‡q wbb|WªvB Kivi Kv‡R evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Wªvqvi e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Wªvqv‡ii ZvcgvÎv †Kvbµ‡gB 52 wWwMÖ †mw›UMÖW Gi AwaK nIqv DwPZ bq| †Kbbv Gi †P‡q EaŸ© ZvcgvÎvq c­v÷vi we‡hvwRZ n‡q hv‡e d‡j Gi Kvh©KvwiZv K‡g Avm‡e|

                                                                                       wPÎt Wªvqv‡i ivLv W¨v¤c †gvì |

2|†gvìwU m`¨ ˆZwi nIqvq G‡K cvwb‡Z †Wvev‡bv n‡”Q| Z‡e †gvì Øviv c~‡e© `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _vK‡j wfRv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

wPÎt cvwb‡Z †gvì wfRv‡bv n‡”Q|

3| †gvì‡K Wv÷gy³ Kivi Rb¨ G‡K eªvk Øviv Avj‡Zvfv‡e cwi®‹vi K‡i wbb| bZzev GB Wv÷ _vKv Ae¯’vq †gvì Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡j D³ Wv÷ Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| d‡j `ª‡e¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi ΓwU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ΓwUgy³ `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †gvì‡K cwi®‹vi K‡i wbb|

                                                                                                            wPÎt †gvì cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

4| `ªe¨wU hv‡Z †gvì †_‡K wbivc‡` AcmviY Kiv hvq GRb¨ †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Uvé cvDWvi e¨envi Kiv nq| we‡kl K‡i `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ hw` RwUj nq Ges G‡K D”P ZvcgvÎvq †cvov‡bv nq| Z‡e mnR AvK…wZi I wbæ ZvcgvÎvq †cvov‡bv `ª‡e¨i †¶‡Î Uvé cvDWvi e¨envi bv KivB mgxPxb|

                                                            wPÎt †gv‡ì Uvé cvDWvi jvMv‡bv n‡”Q|

5| cÖ‡qvRbgZ w¯¬c GKwU evjwZ‡Z wbb| AZtci w¯cÛvj m¤^wjZ ÷vqvivi Gi mvnv‡h¨ w¯¬c‡K DËgiƒ‡c wgwkªZ K‡i wbb| fv‡jv `ªe¨ cvIqvi Rb¨ w¯¬c fv‡jvfv‡e wgwkªZ Kiv Acwinvh©| bZzev Drcbœ `ªe¨ ΓwUc~Y© nIqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e|

                                wPÎt w¯¬c wgw·s Kiv n‡”Q|

6| GLb †gvìwU‡K Kvw÷s †Uwe‡ji Dci ¯’vcb Ki“b| hv‡Z Dnv Kvw÷s †Uwe‡ji mgvš—iv‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i| mvgvb¨ cwigvY KvZ n‡q †hb Ae¯’vb bv K‡i Zv wbwðZ Ki“b| †gvìwU KvZ n‡q Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i AvKv‡ii weK…wZ nIqvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|

                                                                                                wPÎt w¯¬c Xvjvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z †gvì|

7| Kvw÷s †Uwe‡j ¯’vcbK…Z †gv‡ì g‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ ax‡i ax‡i w¯¬c Xvjyb†h ch©š—bv Bnv w¯¬c Øviv c~Y© nq| j¶¨ ivLyb †hb w¯¬c †gv‡ìi evwn‡i bv c‡o|

                                                                                                                   wPÎt †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q|

8| †gv‡ìiAf¨š—i fv‡MiwKbviv ch©š— w¯¬c Xvjyb|G Ae¯’vq wKQz¶b A‡c¶v Ki“b|wKQz¶‡bi g‡a¨ w¯¬c wb‡Pi w`‡K bvg‡Z ïi“Ki‡e Kvib †gv‡ìi wfZ‡ii Ask w¯¬c n‡Z mivmwi cvwb†kvlb K‡i †bq|

                                                                             wPÎt w¯¬c c~Y© †gvì |

9| w¯¬c c~Y© †gv‡ìi w¯¬c wb‡Pi w`‡K bvg‡Z ïi“ Ki‡j cybivq G‡Z w¯¬c Xvjyb| w¯¬c †X‡j †gvì c~Y© Ki“b| Gfv‡e K‡qKevi w¯¬c Xvjyb| †`L‡Z cv‡eb †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡M GKwU ¯—i cov ïi“ n‡q †M‡Q|       ¯—iwU Kwv•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i nIqv ch©š— A‡c¶v Ki“b| G‡Z 20 †_‡K 25 wgwbU mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i| KvswLZ cyi“‡Z¡i¯—i †c‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq wbf©i K‡i w¯¬‡ci ¸Yvejx I †gv‡ìi cvwb‡kvlb ¶gZvi Dci|                                                     wPÎt †gv‡ì cybivq w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q|

10| Kwv•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i¯—i m„wó nIqvi ci †gvìwU‡K Xvjy K‡i axiMwZ‡Z Aewkó w¯¬c g‡M †X‡j †djyb| †h ch©š— bv †gvì †_‡K m¤c~Y© w¯¬c Mwo‡q c‡o hvq| †gvìwU‡K †Kvbµ‡gB D‡ëv K‡i w¯¬c Xvjv hv‡ebv| G‡Z K‡i Drcbœ `ªe¨ a‡m co‡Z cv‡i| ev Drcbœ `ªe¨ WªvwqsKv‡j †µK ev dvU‡ji m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

                                                                                                wPÎt †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †Wªb Kiv n‡”Q|

11| †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †Wªb Kivi ci `ª“Z †gv‡ìi Mv‡q †j‡M _vKv w¯¬c cwi®‹vi Ki“b|

                                                                                                                   wPÎt m¤c~Y© w¯¬c †Wªb Kivi

                                                                                                            ci `ªe¨ mn †gvì|

12| GLb Kv‡Vi Qzwii mvnv‡h¨ †gv‡ìi Dcwifv‡M †j‡M _vKv w¯¬c cwi®‹vi K‡i wbb| †`L‡Z cv‡eb `ªe¨wU msKzwPZ n‡q †gvì †_‡K c„_K n‡q Avm‡Q| GgZve¯’vq cÖvq GKN›Uv A‡c¶v Ki“b|

                                                            wPÎt Kv‡Vi Qzwii mvnv‡h¨ †gvì †_‡K AwZwi³ w¯¬c cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

13| `ªe¨wU †gvì †_‡K c„_K n‡j †gvìwU‡K Dwë‡q `ªe¨wU‡K AcmviY Ki“b| G Ae¯’vq AZ¨š— mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb `ª‡e¨i Dci mvgvb¨Zg Pvc ev AvNvZ bv jv‡M| `ª‡e¨ AvNvZ jvM‡j Gi AvKvi weK…wZ NU‡e| AvNv‡Zi cwigvY Lye Kg n‡jI Gi cÖfve cieZ©x ch©v‡q cwijw¶Z n‡e| A_©vr `ª‡e¨ WªvwqsKv‡j K¨©vK †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| WªvwqsKv‡j †µK †`Lv bv w`‡jI †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î GB †µK`ªe¨ wPÎt †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ †ei Kiv n‡”Q|

†cvov‡bvi mgq `„k¨gvb nq|        

14| †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Kivi ci G‡K Kvw÷s †Uwe‡ji Dci Lye mveav‡b ivLyb|

                                                                                                            wPÎt †gvì I Drcvw`Z `ªe¨|

15| Avcbvi `ªe¨ AvK…wZ †`qvi KvR m¤cbœ n‡q‡Q| Avcwb Avcbvi †gvì Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwii KvR mdjfv‡e m¤cbœ K‡i‡Qb|Kv‡ci Dcwifv‡Mi I Zj‡`‡ki wKbviv wUªwgs K‡i Ges ¯cÄ Øviv wdwbwks Gi KvR m¤cbœ Ki“b| wKj‡b we¯‹zU dvqvwis Kivi c~‡e© G‡K cyivcywifv‡e ïwK‡q wbb|

wPÎt ûBj †n‡Wi Dci wm³ ¯cÄ

                                                       Øviv wdwbwks Kiv n‡”Q|

                                                                wPÎt wdwbwks Kiv `ªe¨|

wb‡æ `yB cvU© wewkó †gv‡ìi mvnv‡h¨ †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `yBwU wdMvi ˆZwii wewfbœ avc mg~n wPÎ mn †`Lv‡bv n†jv -

                                                            wPÎtKvswLZ `ªe¨|

wP‡Î `„k¨gvb `ªe¨ `ywU ˆZwi Ki‡Z `yB cvU© wewkó †gv‡ìi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| †gvì KZ cv‡U©i n‡e Zv `ª‡e¨i AvKvi I AvK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i| wP‡Îi `ªe¨ `ywUi AvKvi I AvK…wZ Abyhvqx G‡`i `yB cvU© wewkó †gvì Øviv AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e|

1|cÖ‡qvRbgZ w¯¬c wb‡q G‡K DËgiƒ‡c wgwkªZ Ki“b|

2|ZvwjKvq †`qv Lvwj c­vw÷‡KigM/ KvM‡Ri KvcwU‡K w¯¬‡ci evjwZi cv‡k ivLyb|

3|Avcbvi †gvìwUi Af¨š—i fvM cwi®‹vi Ki“b Ges †gvìwU‡K ïwK‡q wbb|

4|†gv‡ìi `yB Ask‡K eo ivevi †eÛ Øviv GKÎ K‡i evayb| Giv †hb my›`i I myweb¨¯— Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Ki“b| G‡Z K‡i ‡gv‡ìi cvU© `yBwU GK‡Î ivL‡e Ges †Kvb wj‡KR n‡e bv ZvwbwðZ K‡i|

wPÎt ivevi e¨vÛ w`‡q evuav †gvì|

5| GLb Avcwb Avcbvi †gv‡ìi Pviw`‡K ivevi †eÛ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb G‡Z GUv wbivc` n‡q‡Q| GUv†K w¯¬c Xvjvi c_ Dc‡ii w`K K‡i Dwë‡q ivLyb|

6|GLb gM wb‡q G‡K w¯¬c Øviv c~Y© Ki“b|

wPÎt †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q|

7|ax‡i ax‡i Ges h_vh_fv‡e †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjyb| †gv‡ì cyivcywifv‡e Gi Dc‡ii wKbviv ch©š— w¯¬c Øviv c~Y© Ki“b|

wPÎt w¯¬c c~Y© †gvì|

8|Avcwb Avcbvi †gv‡ì w¯¬c †X‡j †gvì c~Y© Kivi ci wKQz¶b Aek¨B A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡M Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i ¯—i ev †jqvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| KvswLZ cyi“‡Z¡i Rb¨ Avcwb UvBg PvU© e¨enviKi‡Z cv‡ib| Gmgq Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb Avcbvi w¯¬c µgvš^‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g Avm‡Q| Gi Kvib nj †gv‡ìi †`qvj Zij w¯¬c n‡Z mivmwi cvwb  †kvlb K‡i †bqvq     wPÎt wb‡P †b‡g hvIqv w¯¬‡ci ¯—i|

w¯¬‡ci ¯—i †b‡g †M‡Q|

w¯¬c Kvw÷s Gi Rb¨ UvBg PvU©

KvswLZ cyi“‡Z¡i Rb¨ Avcbv‡K 15 †_‡K 20 wgwbU A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|

9|Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb †gv‡ìi Iqv‡j w¯¬c Øviv MwVZ ¯—i¸‡jv†h‡nZz Avcwb †gv‡ì w¯¬c †X‡j c~Y© Kivi ci wiwdj K‡i‡Qb|

wPÎt †gv‡ìi Mv‡q w¯¬‡ci ¯—i|

10|Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i ¯—i cvIqvici Avcwb AwZwi³ w¯¬c g‡M †X‡j †djvi cÖ¯‘wZ wbb

wPÎt w¯¬c †Wªb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv †gvì|

11|GLb †gvìwU‡K g‡M †Vm w`‡q ax‡i ax‡i Xvj‡Z ïi“ Ki“b| †gvìwU g‡M ev evjwZ‡Z ax‡i ax‡i Ggbfv‡e Xvjy K‡i emvb hv‡Z Gi ga¨¯’ Aewkó w¯¬c †gv‡ìi GKcvk w`‡q Mwo‡q co‡Z _v‡K| G‡Z K‡i †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c cwi”Qbœ fv‡e †ewi‡q Avm‡e Ges w¯¬c XvjvI mnR n‡e| Avcwb hLb wbwðZ n‡eb †gvì †_‡K AwZwi³ me w¯¬c †ei n‡q‡Q ZLb G‡K Iqv‡ji mv‡_ †Vm w`‡q Aí mgq a‡i ivLyb hv‡Z †klWªc w¯¬c †gvì †_‡K †ewo‡q Av‡m|

wPÎt w¯¬c †Wªb Kiv n‡”Q|

12| Avcbvi †gv‡ìi wQ`ª †h w`‡K †m w`K †K wb‡Pi w`‡K K‡i GK UzKiv KvM‡Ri †Zvqv‡ji Dci ivLyb| Gfv‡e 10 wgwbU ivLyb ch©vß †Wª‡bR Gi Rb¨|

wPÎt †Wª‡bR Gi Rb¨ ivLv †gvì|

13|†gvìwU‡K Gi GK cv‡k¦©i Dci ¯’vcb K‡i ivLyb hv‡Z †gv‡ìi wfZ‡ii Kv÷ ïKv‡Z cv‡i| †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Kivi c~‡e© `yBN›Uv A‡c¶v Ki“b|

wPÎt Kv÷ ïKv‡bvi Rb¨ ivLv †gvì|

14|`yB N›Uv A‡c¶v Kivi ci Avcwb †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡ib hw` g‡b K‡ib Kv÷ wcPwU Z_v `ªe¨ †ei K‡i Avbvi gZ Ae¯’vq DcbxZ n‡q‡Q| Avcwb GUv †`‡LB wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡ib, hw` †`‡Lb †h Kv÷ wcP †gvì Iqvj †_‡K mvgvb¨ Avjv`v n‡q Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|

wPÎt GK cvU© AcmviY Kiv †gvì|

15|Kv÷ wcP wU‡K †gvì †_‡K Avj‡Zv K‡i AcmviY Ki“b| DËg Kv÷ nIqv wcP `ª“Z †ei n‡q Avm‡e| Lye `„pfv‡e ‡U‡b Kv÷ wcP †ei Kiv DwPZ bq| G‡Z  `ªe¨ we`xY© n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| hw` wcP Zzj‡Z            

wPÎt †gvì n‡Z `ªe¨ AcmviY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†Kvb mgm¨v nq Zvn‡j cybivq †Póv Kivi c~‡e© K‡qK wgwbU A‡c¶v Ki“b|

16|†K¬ KvwUs Qzwi Øviv Avcbvi Kv‡÷i AwZwi³ Ask wUªwgs K‡i wbb| GB AwZwi³ Ask me©`vB wUªwgs K‡i †d‡j w`‡Z nq|

wPÎt Qzwi Øviv `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ Ask wUªwgs Kiv n‡”Q|

17|wmg (‡mjvB) jvBb gy‡Q †djyb Ges avi, Zj‡`k I Kv‡÷i Ab¨vb¨ Am½wZ cwi®‹vi Ki“b|

wPÎt wmg jvBb gy‡Q †djv n‡”Q|

18|Avcbvi Kv÷ wcP AvK…wZ †`qvi KvR m¤cbœ n‡q‡Q| Avcwb Avcbvi †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvi‡bi KvR mdjfv‡e m¤cbœ K‡i‡Qb| wKj‡b we¯‹zU dvqvwis Kivi c~‡e© G‡K cyivcywifv‡e ïwK‡q wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt P‚ovš— wdwbwks Kiv `ªe¨

wb‡æ wZb cvU© wewkó †gvì Øviv †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ˆZwii wewfbœ avc mg~n wPÎ mn †`Lv‡bv n†jv-

`ª‡e¨i AvK…wZi Dci `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ †gv‡ìi cvU© msL¨v wbf©i K‡i| †h me `ªe¨ `yB cvU© wewkó †gvì Øviv Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq Dnv‡`i‡K wZb ev Z‡ZvwaK cvU© wewkó †gvì Øviv AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|

1| `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wZb cvU© wewkó †gvì †bqv n‡jv| †gvìwU ﮋ K‡i Gi ewnf©v‡Mi Wv÷ `~i Ki“b| hv‡Z Kg©xi nv‡Z KvR Kivi mgq †gv‡ìi Wv÷ bv jv‡M| Wv÷ _vK‡j Zv cieZ©x ch©v‡q Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z `ª‡e¨ wewfbœ ΓwU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

                                                                                                      wPÎt wZb cvU© wewkó †gvì|

2| †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifvM cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ Gi wewfbœ cvU©¸‡jv c„_K Ki“b| †gv‡ì c~e©eZ©x Kv‡÷i Wv÷ †j‡M _vK‡Z cv‡i|

                                                                                        wPÎt †gv‡ìi cvU©¸‡jv Avjv`v Kiv n‡”Q|

3| eªvk Øviv †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifvM cwi®‹vi Ki“b| hv‡Z c~e©eZ©x Kv‡÷i †Kvb Wv÷ †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡M †j‡M _vK‡Z bv cv‡i| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb †gvì cwi®‹vi Kivi mgq †gv‡ì AvuPo bv c‡o| †gv‡ì AvuPo jvM‡j Zv `ªe¨ ˆZwii ci `ª‡e¨i c„ó‡`‡k evowZ Ask wnmv‡e `„k¨gvb n‡e| 

                                                                                   wPÎt †gvì cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

4| †gv‡ìi wewfbœ cv‡U©i Af¨š—ifvM cwi®‹vi K‡i cvU©¸‡jv c„_K c„_K fv‡e ivLyb| hv‡Z Af¨š—ifvM mywbcyY fv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiv hvq| †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifvM m¤c~Y©fv‡e Wv÷ gy³ Zv wbwðZ Ki“b| ZvQvov †gv‡ì †hb wMÖR ˆZj ev Ab¨vb¨ ˆZj RvZxq c`v‡_©i Dcw¯’wZ bv cvIqv

hvq Zvi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivLyb|

                                                                                   wPÎt †gv‡ìi Avjv`v Kiv cvU©|

5| wb‡Pi cv‡U©i mv‡_ mvBW cvU© AZ¨š— mZK©Zvi mv‡_ ¯’vcb Ki“b| hv‡Z †gv‡ìi Mv‡q †Kvb AvNvZ bv jv‡M|

                                                  wPÎt wb‡Pi cv‡U©i mv‡_ GKwU cvU© cybt¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q|

6| AcimvBW cvU©wUI c~‡e© ¯’vwcZ cv‡U©i mv‡_ wgwj‡q cybt¯’vcb Ki“b|

                                                                                                                      wPÎt wb‡Pi cv‡U©i mv‡_ Aci cvU© cybt¯’vcb Kiv n‡”Q|

7| †gv‡ìi wZbwU cvU© cybt¯’vcb m¤cbœ K‡i †gvìwU‡K Kvw÷s †Uwe‡ji Dci ¯’vcb Ki“b|

                                                                          wPÎt cybt¯’vcb Kiv †gvì|

8| GLb cybt¯’vcb Kiv †gvìwU‡K gReyZ ivevi e¨vÛ ev `wo Øviv my`„p K‡i evuayb| evuab my`„p bv n‡j †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ XvjvB Kiv w¯¬‡ci Pv‡c †gv‡ìi R‡q›U Gi ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c †ewo‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †gvì hv‡Z wjK bv K‡i GRb¨ DËgiƒ‡c evuayb|

                                                                                                                                                wPÎt `wo / ivevi e¨vÛ Øviv †gvì evuav n‡”Q|

9| GLb †gv‡ì gM Øviv w¯¬c Xvjyb| G Ae¯’vq †gvì‡K nvjKv fv‡e SvuKzwb w`b hv‡Z w¯¬c †gv‡ìi me©ÎB †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡i| nvjKv SvuKzwb w`‡j w¯¬c Xvjvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb Gqvi c‡KU m„wó n‡j ZvI `~i n‡q hv‡e|

                                                                                 wPÎt †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q|

10| w¯¬c Øviv †gvì c~Y© Ki“b| w¯¬c †hb †gv‡ìi DcwifvM ch©š— †cŠQvq| w¯¬‡ci ¯—i mvgvb¨ cwigv‡b Dc‡i ch©š— DV‡jI mswKZ nIqvi Kvib †bB| Kvib Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ w¯¬‡ci ¯—i wb‡P †b‡g Avm‡e †gvì Øviv w¯¬c †_‡K cvwb †kvwlZ nIqvi Rb¨|

                                                                                     wPÎt w¯¬c c~Y© †gvì|

11| cÖ_gevi w¯¬c Øviv †gvì c~Y© Kivi ci †gvì KZ©…K cvwb †kvwlZ nIqvq w¯¬‡ci ¯—i wb‡P †b‡g hvIqvq cybivq †gvì‡K w¯¬c Øviv c~Y© Ki“b| GB KvR GKvwaKevi Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| GB KvR KZevi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv g~jZ Kv÷vi ev Kg©xi AwfÁZvi DciB eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|

                                                                                  wPÎt cybivqw¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q|

12| KvswLZ cyi“‡Z¡i Kv÷ nIqvi ci †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †Wªb Ki“b| w¯¬c Xvjvi mgq †gvì‡K Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ KvZ K‡i w¯¬c †Wªb Ki‡Z n‡e| w¯¬c Xvjvi mgq †gv‡ì †hb †Kvb iKg eo ai‡bi SvuKzwb bv jv‡M| †gv‡ì SvuKzwb jvM‡j Kv÷ X‡j co‡Z cv‡i|

                                                                                  wPÎtevjwZ‡Zw¯¬c †Wªb Kiv n‡”Q|

13| †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ Aewkó w¯¬c hv‡Z m¤c~Y©iƒ‡c †Wªb nq †mRb¨ †gvìwU‡K evjwZi Dci AvovAvwofv‡e iw¶Z `yBwU Kv‡Vi KvwV (cÖc)-i Dci ¯’vcb Ki“b| 20 †_‡K 30 wgwbU ci †gvìwU‡K Zz‡j †Uwe‡ji Dci ¯’vcb Ki“b|

                                                                                                                                     wPÎt cÖ‡ci Dci Dëv‡bv †gvì|

14| †gv‡ìi Dcwifv‡M †j‡M _vKv AwZwi³ ﮋ w¯¬c Kv‡Vi Uzjm Øviv cwi®‹vi Ki“b|

                                                                                                                                     wPÎt †gv‡ìi DcwifvM cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

15| †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvib Kivi Rb¨ †gv‡ìi wb‡Pi cvU© c„_K Ki“b| c„_K Kivi c~‡e© †gv‡ìi wewfbœ cvU©¸‡jvi ms‡hvM¯’‡j Kv‡Vi nvZzwi Øviv g„`y AvNvZ Ki“b| G‡Z †gv‡ìi cvU©¸‡jv c„_K Kiv mnR n‡e|

                                                                                    wPÎt †gv‡ìi wb‡Pi cvU© Acmvib Kiv n‡q‡Q|

16| †gvìwUi wb‡Pi Ask AcmviY Kivi ci Gi Dc‡ii cvU© wU Acmvib Ki“b| †gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© wU Acmvi‡bi mgq AZ¨š— mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Dc‡ii w`‡K DwV‡q wb‡Z n‡e †hb `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q AvNvZ bv jv‡M|

                                                                                     wPÎt †gv‡ìi GKc¦v‡k©i cvU© Acmvib Kiv n‡q‡Q|

17| me‡k‡l †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨wU Avj‡Zv K‡i a‡i Acmvib Ki“b| `ª‡e¨ †hb Pvc bv jv‡M †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivLyb| Pvc jvM‡j AwZ KvuPv `ªe¨wU †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i|

                                                                                wPÎt †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY|

18| †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvib Kivi ci Gi AwZwi³ Ask `ªe¨ †j`vi nvW© Ae¯’vq _vKvKvjxb Qzwi Øviv †K‡U Avjv`v Ki“b| KvUvi mgq Qzwi AZ¨š— mveav‡b e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb `ª‡e¨i g~j Ask †K‡U bv hvq| eis evowZ As‡ki Aí cwigvb †hb `ª‡e¨i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K hv wdwbwks Gi mgq Acmvib Ki‡Z n‡e|

                                                                                                  wPÎt `ª‡e¨i evowZ Ask KvUv n‡”Q|

19| `ª‡e¨i evowZ Ask Qzwi Øviv †K‡U c„_K Kivi KvR m¤cbœ n‡j evowZ AskUzKz mZK©Zvi mv‡_ AcmvibKi“b|

                                                                                    wPÎt `ª‡e¨i evowZ Ask †K‡U c„_K Kiv n‡”Q|

20| wdwbwks Kivi Rb¨ `ªe¨wU ûBj †n‡Wi Dci ivLyb|evowZ Ask KvUvi ci wm³ †dv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ `ªe¨wU wdwbwks Ki“b|Gmgq `ªe¨wU Avj‡Zv K‡i ai“b †hb AmveavbZvi Rb¨ †f‡½ bv hvq|

wPÎt `ªe¨ wdwbwks Kiv n‡”Q|

21| GLb `ªe¨wU Pzovš—fv‡e ˆZwii KvR m¤cbœ n‡q‡Q| Wªvwqs I we¯‹zU dvqvwis Gi Rb¨ `ªe¨wU cÖ¯‘Z Ki“b|

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 wPÎt wdwbwks Kiv `ªe¨|

wb‡æ †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z IqvUvi †K¬v‡RUˆZwii wewfbœ avc mg~n wPÎ mn †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

1| wm³ †gvì‡K Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ Wªvqv‡i ïKv‡bv n‡”Q|

                                                                             wPÎt Wªvqv‡i ivLv †gvì|

2| c~Y©v½ †gv‡ìi wPwýZ wPÎ-

3| †gv‡ìi wewfbœ cvU© c„_K Kivi ci c~‡e©B jvMv‡bv Uvé cvDWvi cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q| G RvZxq †gv‡ìi RwUj As‡kB Uvé jvMv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

  wPÎt †gv‡ìi wewfbœ cv‡U©i Uvé cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

4|Uvé cvDWvi `~i Kivi ci †gv‡ìi wewfbœ Ask c~bivq GKÎ K‡i Kv‡Vi †e‡Â ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|

                                                                             wPÎt Kv‡Vi †e‡Â ¯’vwcZ †gvì|

5|†gv‡ì K¬v¤c jvMv‡bv n‡”Q| w¯¬c Xvjvi ci w¯¬‡ci Pv‡c †hb †gv‡ìi wewfbœ Ask Avjv`v n‡q bv hvq †mRb¨ †gv‡ì K¬v¤c jvMv‡bv nq|

                                                                                                    wPÎt †gv‡ì K¬v¤c jvMv‡bv n‡”Q|

6|cvB‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q| w¯¬c Uc cv‡U©i DcwifvM ch©š— XvjvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

                                                                                                              wPÎt †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q| 

7|Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i ¯—i civi ci AwZwi³ w¯¬c †Wªb K‡i †d‡j w`‡Z nq| Zvici `ªe¨‡K ïKv‡bvi Rb¨ 2 †_‡K 3 N›Uv mgq †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ ivLv nq| hv‡Z `ªe¨wU †QvU n‡q †gvì †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q hvq| †gv‡ìi Uc cvU© c„_K Kivi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi cvwZ jvMv‡bv n‡”Q|†hb AwZ mn‡RB Uc cvU©‡K c„_K Kiv hvq|                                                                                                                              wPÎt Uc cvU© AvMjv Kiv n‡”Q|

8|†gv‡ìi Uc cvU© Avjv`v Kiv n‡”Q|

                                                                   wPÎt †gv‡ìi Uc cvU© Avjv`v Kiv n‡”Q|

9|†gvì n‡Z e¨vK cvU© AcmviY Kiv n‡”Q|

                                                                   wPÎt e¨vK cvU© Avjv`v Kiv n‡”Q|

10| †gv‡ìi Uc cvU© †Lvjvi c~‡e© `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ Ask †K‡U wbb|

                                                                   wPÎt AwZwi³ Ask †K‡U †bqv n‡”Q|

12|e¨vK cvU© †Lvjvi ci `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ Ask †K‡U †djv n‡”Q|

                                                                   wPÎt AwZwi³ Ask †K‡U †djv n‡”Q |

13|wig cvU©‡K Uc cv‡U©i ¯’v‡b ewm‡q eUg cvU© c„_K Kivi Rb¨ †gvìwU‡K Dwë‡q wbb| 

                                                                   wPÎt `ªe¨ mn †gvì Dëv‡bv n‡”Q|

14|†gvì †_‡K eUg cvU© AcmviY Kiv n‡”Q|

                                                                   wPÎt eUg cvU© AcmviY Kiv n‡”Q |

12|†gv‡ìi mvBW cvU© AcmviY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

                                                                   wPÎt mvBW cvU© AcmviY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

13|mvBW cvU© Acmvi‡bi ci KvuPv `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q Kv‡Vi †Vm †`qv n‡q‡Q| †hb G mgq `ªe¨ h‡_ó big _vKvi Kvi‡Y AvKv‡ii weK…wZ NU‡Z bv cv‡i|

                                                                             wPÎt Kv‡Vi †Vm †`qv n‡q‡Q|

14|†gv‡ìi mvBW cvU©¸‡jv AcmviY K‡i

Kv‡Vi mv‡cvU© Øviv †Vm †`qv n‡q‡Q|

                                                                                                                           wPÎt Kv‡Vi †Vm †`qv n‡q‡Q|

15| †gvì †_‡K c„_K Kivi ci `ª‡e¨i evowZ Ask¸‡jv Qzwii mvnv‡h¨ KvUv n‡”Q|

                                               wPÎt evowZ Ask KvUv n‡”Q|

16|aviv‡jv óx‡ji cvZ Gi mvnv‡h¨ `ª‡e¨i evowZ Ask¸‡jv †K‡U †djv n‡”Q|

                  wPÎt `ª‡e¨i evowZ Ask¸‡jv KvUv n‡”Q|

17|`ªe¨ ch©vß kw³cÖvß nIqvi ci Kv‡Vi mv‡cvU©¸‡jv AcmviY K‡i `ªe¨ cÖvK…wZKfv‡e WªvB Kivi Rb¨ †i‡L †`qv n‡q‡Q|

                                                                             wPÎt cÖvK…wZKfv‡e WªvB Kiv n‡”Q|

18| wPKb Zvi-Rvwj Øviv N‡l `ªe¨ wdwbwks Kiv n‡”Q|

                                                                   wPÎt Zvi-Rvwj Øviv `ªe¨ wdwbwks Kiv n‡”Q|

19| ¯‹¨©vcvi Øviv `ª‡e¨i Agm„Y Ask¸‡jv wdwbwks K‡i wbb|

wPÎt ¯‹¨©vcvi Øviv `ªe¨ wdwbwks Kiv n‡”Q|

20|`ªe¨‡K P‚ovš—iƒ‡c wdwbwks Kiv n‡q‡Q|

                                                                   wPÎtP‚ovš—fv‡e wdwbwks Kiv `ªe¨|

†mjd †PK 2.3-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| †Wªb Kvw÷s ej‡Z wK eySvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| †gvì Wªvwqs G Wªvqv‡ii ZvcgvÎv 52 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖ‡Wi AwaK ivLv DwPZ bq †Kb ?

cÖkœ 3| †gv‡ì KLb Uvé cvDWvi e¨envi Kiv nq ?

cÖkœ 4| †gv‡ì wj‡KR bv nIqvi Rb¨ wK e¨e¯’v †bqv nq ?

cÖkœ 5| †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjvi ci wKQz¶b A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq †Kb ?

cÖkœ 6| wK w`‡q `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ Ask wUªwgs Kiv nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 7| †gvì †_‡K KLb w¯¬c †Wªb Ki‡Z nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 8| IqvUvi †K¬v‡RU-Gi †gv‡ìi wewfbœ cvU©¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 9| IqvUvi †K¬v‡R‡Ui †gv‡ìi w¯¬c †Wªb Kivi ci KZ mgq `ªe¨ †gv‡ì ivLv nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 10| mvBW cvU© Acmvi‡bi ci Kv‡Vi †Vm †`qv nq †Kb ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb –

1| m`¨ ˆZwi Kiv †gvì ¯^í mgq cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q wb‡Z nq|

2| fv‡jv `ªe¨ cvIqvi Rb¨ w¯¬c fv‡jvfv‡e wgwkªZ Kiv Acwinvh© bq|

3| `ª‡e¨ AvNvZ jvM‡j Gi AvKvi weK…wZ NU‡e|

4| Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i Rb¨ Avcwb UvBg PvU© e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

5| †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifvM cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ Gi wewfbœ cvU©¸‡jv GKwÎZ K‡i wbb|

6| †gvì hv‡Z wjK bv K‡i GRb¨ DËgiƒ‡c evua‡Z n‡e|

7| †gv‡ì SvuKzwb jvM‡j Kv÷ X‡j co‡Z cv‡i|

8| †gv‡ìi Uc cvU© †Lvjvi c~‡e© `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ Ask †K‡U wbb|

9| wPKb Zvi-Rvwj Øviv `ª‡e¨i Agm„Y Ask¸‡jv wdwbwks K‡i wbb|

10| †gv‡ìi RwUj As‡kB Uvé jvMv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Ki“Y -

K| mvaviYZ ------- I -------- AvK…wZi `ªe¨vw`¸‡jv Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

L| 52 wWwMÖ †mw›UMÖW Gi EaŸ© ZvcgvÎvq ---------- we‡hvwRZ n‡q hv‡e|

M| `ª‡e¨ AvNvZ jvM‡j Gi AvKv‡ii---------- NU‡e|

N| ax‡i ax‡i Ges --------- †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjyb|

O| Pvc jvM‡j AwZ ---------- `ªe¨wU †f‡O †h‡Z cv‡i|

P| `ªe¨ ---------- Ae¯’vq _vKvKvjxb Qzwi Øviv †K‡U Avjv`v Kiyb|

Q| `ªe¨wU Avj‡Zv K‡i aiyb †hb ------------- Rb¨ †f‡½ bv hvq|

R| wig cvU©‡K ---------- ¯’v‡b ewm‡q eUg cvU© c„_K Kivi Rb¨ †gvìwU‡K Dwë‡q wbb| 

S| ----------- Øviv `ª‡e¨i Agm„Y Ask¸‡jv wdwbwks K‡i wbb|

T| `„pfv‡e ‡U‡b -------- †ei Kiv DwPr bq|

DËicÎ 2.3-1

DËi-1 

†h cÖwµqvq †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ w¯¬c †X‡j GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ci †gv‡ìi Af¨šÍifv‡M Kv‡÷i GKwU ¯—i m„wó nIqvi ci †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †X‡j †d‡j †`qv nq Dnv‡KB †Wªb Kvw÷s e‡j|

DËi-2

Wªvqv‡ii ZvcgvÎv †Kvbµ‡gB 52 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW Gi AwaK nIqv DwPZ bq| †Kbbv Gi †P‡q EaŸ© ZvcgvÎvq cøv÷vi we‡hvwRZ n‡q hv‡e d‡j Gi Kvh©KvwiZv K‡g Avm‡e|

DËi-3

`ªe¨wU hv‡Z †gvì †_‡K wbivc‡` AcmviY Kiv hvq GRb¨ †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Uvé cvDWvi e¨envi Kiv nq| we‡kl K‡i `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ hw` RwUj nq Ges G‡K D”P ZvcgvÎvq †cvov‡bv nq|

DËi-4

†gv‡ìi `yB Ask‡K eo ivevi †eÛ Øviv GKÎ K‡i evayb| Giv †hb my›`i I myweb¨¯Í Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Kiyb| G‡Z K‡i `yB Aa©vsk‡K GK‡Î ivL‡e Ges †Kvb wj‡KR n‡e bv Zvi wbðqZv w`‡q _v‡K|

DËi-5

†gv‡ì w¯¬c †X‡j †gvì c~Y© Kivi ci wKQz¶b Aek¨B A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †gv‡ìi Af¨šÍifv‡M Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i¯—i ev †jqvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

DËi-6

†K¬ KvwUs Qzwi Øviv Avcbvi Kv‡÷i AwZwi³ Ask wUªwgs K‡i wbb| GB AwZwi³ Ask me©`vB wUªwgs K‡i †d‡j w`‡Z nq|

DËi-7

Kvw•LZ cyiy‡Z¡i Kv÷ nIqvi ci †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †Wªb Kiyb|

DËi-8

IqvUvi †K¬v‡RU-Gi †gv‡ìi wewfbœ cvU©¸‡jvi bvg n‡jv-

·        Uc cvU©

·        wig cvU©

·        mvBW cvU©

·        e¨vK cvU©

·        dzU cvU©

·        eUg cvU©

DËi-9

Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i¯—i civi ci AwZwi³ w¯¬c †Wªb K‡i †d‡j w`‡Z nq| Zvici `ªe¨‡K ïKv‡bvi Rb¨ 2 †_‡K 3 N›Uv mgq †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ ivLv nq|

DËi-10

mvBW cvU© Acmvi‡bi ci KvuPv `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q Kv‡Vi †Vm †`qv nq| †hb G mgq `ªe¨ h‡_ó big _vKvi Kvi‡Y AvKv‡ii weK…wZ NU‡Z bv cv‡i|

DËi- mZ¨ / wg_¨v

1| m

2| wg

3| m

4| m

5| wg

6|wg

7| m

8| m

9| wg

10| m

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb

K| RwUj, dvucv

L| c­v÷vi

M| weK…wZ

N| h_vh_fv‡e

O| KvuPv

P|†j`vi nvW©

Q|AmveavbZvi

R|Uc cv‡U©i

S|¯‹¨©vcvi

T|Kv÷ wcP

m~PxcÎ

wkLbdj 4: mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ†Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

welqe¯‘

1| `yB cvU©/ wZb cvU© wewkó †gvì Kvw÷s Gi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv|

2| †gv‡ì Kvw÷s w¯¬c XvjvB Kiv|

3| `ªe¨‡K †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| `yB cvU©/ wZb cvU©© wewkó †gvì Kvw÷s Gi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| †gv‡ì Kvw÷s w¯¬c XvjvB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| `ªe¨‡K †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vewj

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e -

·        c­v÷vi†gvì

·        Kvw÷s w¯¬c

·        evjwZ

·        gM/ †ccvi ev c­vw÷‡KiKvc

·        †K¬ ¯cÄ                 

·        †K¬ KvwUs Qzwi

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj: mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ†Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb kxU 2.4-1

mwjW Kvw÷s

†h mKj `ªe¨vw`i cyi“Z¡ Ae¯’vb †f‡` mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K H mKj `ªe¨vw` mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq| mwjW Kvw÷s †gvì `ª‡e¨i Dfq c¦v‡k©i ev †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î GK c¦v‡k©i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GB c×wZ‡Z `ywU c­v÷vi mvi‡d‡mi ga¨eZ©x MnŸ‡i w¯¬c Xvjv nq| w¯¬c wb‡iU ev mwjW `ª‡e¨ cwibZ nIqvi ci `ªe¨‡K †gvì‡K c„_K Kiv nq| AZtci `ªe¨vw` ¯’vbvš—i Kivi gZ ch©vß kw³cÖvß n‡j †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq| †h cÖwµqvq †gvì MnŸ‡i w¯¬c †X‡j Dnv‡K wW-IqvUvwis wcwiqW e¨vcx †gv‡ì †i‡L †`qvi ci †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡M GKwU mwjW ev wb‡iU `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq Dnv‡KB mwjW Kvw÷s e‡j|

†gv‡ì c­v÷vi Xvjvi ci †gvì cvwb †kvlY K‡i †bq G‡ZK‡i KvuPv `ªe¨wU †gvì mvi‡dm ؇qi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b MwVZ nq| `ªe¨wU wbw`©ó mgqv‡š— †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq| G‡K KvuPv `ªe¨ ev wMÖb Kv÷ e‡j|

†Kvb †Kvb Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i (Pressure Casting) †gv‡ì ev Ab¨Î AwZwi³ cvwb †kvwlZ Kiv‡bv nq| AZtci †gvì †_‡K wdwbkW †cÖvWv± Acmvib Kiv nq| KL‡bv KL‡bv †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡Z wiwjR G‡R›U e¨envi Kiv nq †hgb- ˆZj, ÷vP©, MÖvdvBU BZ¨vw`|

wb‡æmwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z IqvUvi U¨vsK ˆZwii wewfbœ avc mg~n wPÎ mn †`Lv‡bv n‡jv -

1| wm³ †gvì Wªvqv‡i ïwK‡q wbb|†gvì wm³ _vK‡j Dnv h_vh_ fv‡e Kvw÷s w¯¬c †_‡K cvwb †kvlY Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv ZvB GKB †gvì Øviv cÖwZevi `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ci Kvw÷s w¯¬c †_‡K †kvwlZ cvwb WªvB K‡i AcmviY Kiv nq| †gvì h_vh_fv‡e Wªvwqs Kiv bv n‡j Gi Kvw÷s †iU `xN©vwqZ n‡e GgbwK Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ ΓwUc~Y© n‡Z cv‡i| `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ci †gvì‡K cÖ_‡g cÖvK…wZKfv‡e WªvB Kiv nq| AZtci Wªvqv‡i ¯’vcb K‡i P‚ovš—fv‡e Wªvwqs Kiv nq| cÖvK…wZK Wªvwqs wPÎt Wªvqv‡i ivLv wm³ †gvì|

d¨vb Øviv Kiv nq| ZvQvov Kvw÷s k‡ci ZvcgvÎv GKUz †ekx

ivLv nq| d‡j cÖvK…wZK Wªvwqs Zivwš^Z nq|

2|Wªvqvi †_‡K †gvì AcmviY K‡i Kvw÷s †e‡Â ¯’vcb Kiyb|

                                                                   wPÎt Kvw÷s †e‡Â ¯’vcb Kiv †gvì|

3|c~‡e© jvMv‡bv U¨vé †gvRv e¨envi K‡i ‡gvì cwi®‹vi  K‡i wbb|†gv‡ì AwZwi³ Uvé cvDWvi _vK‡j Zv `ª‡e¨ ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡Z cv‡i| hv P‚ovš—fv‡e Drcbœ `ª‡e¨ ΓwU m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|Z‡e AvaywbK wkí KviLvbvq Uvé `~i Kivi Rb¨ K‡¤cÖmW Gqvi e¨envi Kiv nq|

                                                                             wPÎt Uvé cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

4|†gv‡ìi Dfq cvU© GKÎ Kiyb| GB Dfq cv‡U©i ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bB `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

                                                                             wPÎt †gv‡ìi cvU© GKÎ Kiv n‡”Q|

5| †gv‡ìi Dfq cvU©‡K `ywU K¬v¤c Øviv my`„pfv‡e AvUwK‡q wbb| hv‡Z w¯¬‡ci DaŸ©g~wL Pv‡c w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|

                                                                             wPÎt †gv‡ì K¬v¤c jvMv‡bv n‡”Q|

6| w¯¬c Xvjvi Rb¨ †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xjvi c‡_i Dci dv‡bj ewm‡q wbb|dv‡bj emv‡bvi mgq dv‡b‡ji Zj‡`‡k w¯¬c jvwM‡q wb‡Z nq| hv‡Z †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjvi mg‡q dv‡bj I †gv‡ìi ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| †gv‡ìi Dcwi As‡k `yBwU w¯¬c Xvjvi c_ _v‡K| Dfq c‡_i DciB dv‡bj emv‡bv nq| hLb GKwU c‡_i ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c Xvjv nq ZLb Ab¨ c_ w`‡q †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡Mi evZvm †ewi‡q Av‡m| †gv‡ì †Kvb Kvi‡Y wPÎt †gv‡ì dv‡bj emv‡bv n‡”Q|

AwZwi³ w¯¬c Xvjv n‡j Zv Aci c‡_i ga¨ w`‡q †hb Qwo‡qco‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨B dv‡bj e¨envi Kiv nq|

7|†gv‡ì dv‡b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c Xvjyb|

                                                                             wPÎt †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q|

8|w¯¬c Xvjvi KvR m¤cbœ nIqvi AvavN›Uv ci `ªe¨ k³ n‡q Avm‡Z ïi“ Ki‡j w¯¬c Xvjvi c‡_ AvUwK‡q _vKv ewW Qzwi Øviv cwi®‹vi K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt †gvì cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

9|`ªe¨ ch©vß kw³cÖvß nIqvi ci †gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY K‡i wbb|

                             wPÎt Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY Kiv n‡”Q|

10|†gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY K‡i wbb| d‡j wb‡Pi cv‡U© `ª‡e¨i Aew¯’wZ †`Lv hv‡e|

                                                                             wPÎt c„_K Kiv †gv‡ìi cvU©¸‡jv|

11|`ª‡e¨i Af¨š—ifv‡M cvÂ-Gi mvnv‡h¨ wQ`ª K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt cv Kiv n‡”Q|

12|IqvUvi U¨vs‡K cvwb Bb‡jU, AvDU‡jU Ges G‡K ¯’vc‡bi wQ`ª¸‡jv cv Øviv wQ`ª Kivi KvR m¤cbœ K‡i `ª‡e¨i Wªvwqs m¤cbœKi“b| AZtci c~‡e© cv Kiv wQ`ª¸‡jv‡K Pzovš—fv‡e gm„Y K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt wQ`ª gm„Y Kiv n‡”Q|

13|`ª‡e¨i Dcwifv‡Mi Agm„Y Ask ‡¯Œcvi Øviv gm„Y K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt avi¸‡jv gm„Y Kiv n‡”Q|

14|avZe †nqvi †bU Øviv `ªe¨‡K P‚ovš—fv‡e wdwbwks Ki“b|

                                                                             wPÎt †bU Øviv wdwbwks Kiv n‡”Q|

15| IqvUvi U¨vs‡Ki wdwbwks Kivi KvR P‚ovš—fv‡e m¤cbœ KiæY|

                                                                            wPÎt wdwbwks Kiv KvuPv `ªe¨|

†mjd †PK 2.4-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| mwjW Kvw÷s ej‡Z Kx eySvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| Kvw÷s k‡ci ZvcgvÎv GKUz †ekx ivLv nq †KbwjLyb ?

cÖkœ 3| AvaywbK wkí KviLvbvq Uvé cvDWvi Kxfv‡e `~i Kiv nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 4| dv‡b‡ji Zj‡`‡k w¯¬c jvMv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 5| †gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© KLb AcmviY Ki‡Z nq wjLyb ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

K| `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ci †gvì‡K cÖ_‡g cÖvK…wZKfv‡e WªvB Kiv nq|

L| †gv‡ì AwZwi³ Uvé cvDWvi _vK‡j Zv `ª‡e¨ ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq bv|

M| w¯¬‡ci DaŸ©g~wL Pv‡c w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

N| †gv‡ì dv‡b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c Xvjyb|

O| avZe †nqvi †bU Øviv `ªe¨‡K P‚ovš—fv‡e wdwbwks Ki“b|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Ki“Y -

K| †gv‡ìi --------- GKwU mwjW ev wb‡iU `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq |

L| †gvì h_vh_fv‡e Wªvwqs Kiv bv n‡j Gi ---------- `xN©vwqZ n‡e |

M| Dfq cv‡U©i ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bB `ª‡e¨i --------- MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

N| `ª‡e¨i Af¨š—ifv‡M -----------Gi mvnv‡h¨ wQ`ª K‡i wbb|

O| †gv‡ìi Dcwi As‡k --------- w¯¬c Xvjvi c_ _v‡K|

DËicÎ 2.4-1

DËi-1 

†h cÖwµqvq †gvì MnŸ‡i w¯¬c †X‡j Dnv‡K wW-IqvUvwis wcwiqW e¨vcx †gv‡ì †i‡L †`qvi ci †gv‡ìi Af¨šÍifv‡M GKwU mwjW ev wb‡iU `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq Dnv‡KB mwjW Kvw÷s e‡j|

DËi-2

Kvw÷s k‡ci ZvcgvÎv GKUz †ekx ivLv nq| d‡j cÖvK…wZK Wªvwqs Zivwš^Z nq|

DËi-3

AvaywbK wkí KviLvbvq U¨vé `~i Kivi Rb¨ K‡¤cÖm&W Gqvi e¨envi Kiv nq|

DËi-4

dv‡bj emv‡bvi mgq Gi Zj‡`‡k w¯¬c jvwM‡q wb‡Z nq| hv‡Z †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjvi mg‡q dv‡bj I †gv‡ìi ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|

DËi-5

`ªe¨ ch©vß kw³cÖvß nIqvi ci †gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY K‡i wbb|

DËi- mZ¨/ wg_¨v

K| m

L| wg

M| wg

N| m

      O| m

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb cyiY

K| Af¨š—ifv‡M

L| Kvw÷s †iU

M|AvK…wZ

N| cvÂ

O|`yBwU

DËicÎ 2.3-1

DËi-1 

†h cÖwµqvq †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ w¯¬c †X‡j GKwU wbw`©ó mgq ci †gv‡ìi Af¨šÍifv‡M Kv‡÷i GKwU ¯—i m„wó nIqvi ci †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †X‡j †d‡j †`qv nq Dnv‡KB †Wªb Kvw÷s e‡j|

DËi-2

Wªvqv‡ii ZvcgvÎv †Kvbµ‡gB 52 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW Gi AwaK nIqv DwPZ bq| †Kbbv Gi †P‡q EaŸ© ZvcgvÎvq cøv÷vi we‡hvwRZ n‡q hv‡e d‡j Gi Kvh©KvwiZv K‡g Avm‡e|

DËi-3

`ªe¨wU hv‡Z †gvì †_‡K wbivc‡` AcmviY Kiv hvq GRb¨ †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Uvé cvDWvi e¨envi Kiv nq| we‡kl K‡i `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ hw` RwUj nq Ges G‡K D”P ZvcgvÎvq †cvov‡bv nq|

DËi-4

†gv‡ìi `yB Ask‡K eo ivevi †eÛ Øviv GKÎ K‡i evayb| Giv †hb my›`i I myweb¨¯Í Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Kiyb| G‡Z K‡i `yB Aa©vsk‡K GK‡Î ivL‡e Ges †Kvb wj‡KR n‡e bv Zvi wbðqZv w`‡q _v‡K|

DËi-5

†gv‡ì w¯¬c †X‡j †gvì c~Y© Kivi ci wKQz¶b Aek¨B A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †gv‡ìi Af¨šÍifv‡M Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i¯—i ev †jqvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

DËi-6

†K¬ KvwUs Qzwi Øviv Avcbvi Kv‡÷i AwZwi³ Ask wUªwgs K‡i wbb| GB AwZwi³ Ask me©`vB wUªwgs K‡i †d‡j w`‡Z nq|

DËi-7

Kvw•LZ cyiy‡Z¡i Kv÷ nIqvi ci †gvì †_‡K w¯¬c †Wªb Kiyb|

DËi-8

IqvUvi †K¬v‡RU-Gi †gv‡ìi wewfbœ cvU©¸‡jvi bvg n‡jv-

·        Uc cvU©

·        wig cvU©

·        mvBW cvU©

·        e¨vK cvU©

·        dzU cvU©

·        eUg cvU©

DËi-9

Kvw•LZ cyi“‡Z¡i¯—i civi ci AwZwi³ w¯¬c †Wªb K‡i †d‡j w`‡Z nq| Zvici `ªe¨‡K ïKv‡bvi Rb¨ 2 †_‡K 3 N›Uv mgq †gv‡ìi g‡a¨ ivLv nq|

DËi-10

mvBW cvU© Acmvi‡bi ci KvuPv `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q Kv‡Vi †Vm †`qv nq| †hb G mgq `ªe¨ h‡_ó big _vKvi Kvi‡Y AvKv‡ii weK…wZ NU‡Z bv cv‡i|

DËi- mZ¨ / wg_¨v

1| m

2| wg

3| m

4| m

5| wg

6|wg

7| m

8| m

9| wg

10| m

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb

K| RwUj, dvucv

L| c­v÷vi

M| weK…wZ

N| h_vh_fv‡e

O| KvuPv

P|†j`vi nvW©

Q|AmveavbZvi

R|Uc cv‡U©i

S|¯‹¨©vcvi

T|Kv÷ wcP

wkLbdj 4: mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ†Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

welqe¯‘

1| `yB cvU©/ wZb cvU© wewkó †gvì Kvw÷s Gi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv|

2| †gv‡ì Kvw÷s w¯¬c XvjvB Kiv|

3| `ªe¨‡K †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| `yB cvU©/ wZb cvU©© wewkó †gvì Kvw÷s Gi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| †gv‡ì Kvw÷s w¯¬c XvjvB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| `ªe¨‡K †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vewj

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e -

·        c­v÷vi†gvì

·        Kvw÷s w¯¬c

·        evjwZ

·        gM/ †ccvi ev c­vw÷‡KiKvc

·        †K¬ ¯cÄ                 

·        †K¬ KvwUs Qzwi

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj: mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ†Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb kxU 2.4-1

mwjW Kvw÷s

†h mKj `ªe¨vw`i cyi“Z¡ Ae¯’vb †f‡` mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K H mKj `ªe¨vw` mwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq| mwjW Kvw÷s †gvì `ª‡e¨i Dfq c¦v‡k©i ev †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î GK c¦v‡k©i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GB c×wZ‡Z `ywU c­v÷vi mvi‡d‡mi ga¨eZ©x MnŸ‡i w¯¬c Xvjv nq| w¯¬c wb‡iU ev mwjW `ª‡e¨ cwibZ nIqvi ci `ªe¨‡K †gvì‡K c„_K Kiv nq| AZtci `ªe¨vw` ¯’vbvš—i Kivi gZ ch©vß kw³cÖvß n‡j †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq| †h cÖwµqvq †gvì MnŸ‡i w¯¬c †X‡j Dnv‡K wW-IqvUvwis wcwiqW e¨vcx †gv‡ì †i‡L †`qvi ci †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡M GKwU mwjW ev wb‡iU `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq Dnv‡KB mwjW Kvw÷s e‡j|

†gv‡ì c­v÷vi Xvjvi ci †gvì cvwb †kvlY K‡i †bq G‡ZK‡i KvuPv `ªe¨wU †gvì mvi‡dm ؇qi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b MwVZ nq| `ªe¨wU wbw`©ó mgqv‡š— †gvì †_‡K AcmviY Kiv nq| G‡K KvuPv `ªe¨ ev wMÖb Kv÷ e‡j|

†Kvb †Kvb Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m evwn¨K ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i (Pressure Casting) †gv‡ì ev Ab¨Î AwZwi³ cvwb †kvwlZ Kiv‡bv nq| AZtci †gvì †_‡K wdwbkW †cÖvWv± Acmvib Kiv nq| KL‡bv KL‡bv †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡Z wiwjR G‡R›U e¨envi Kiv nq †hgb- ˆZj, ÷vP©, MÖvdvBU BZ¨vw`|

wb‡æmwjW Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z IqvUvi U¨vsK ˆZwii wewfbœ avc mg~n wPÎ mn †`Lv‡bv n‡jv -

1| wm³ †gvì Wªvqv‡i ïwK‡q wbb|†gvì wm³ _vK‡j Dnv h_vh_ fv‡e Kvw÷s w¯¬c †_‡K cvwb †kvlY Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv ZvB GKB †gvì Øviv cÖwZevi `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ci Kvw÷s w¯¬c †_‡K †kvwlZ cvwb WªvB K‡i AcmviY Kiv nq| †gvì h_vh_fv‡e Wªvwqs Kiv bv n‡j Gi Kvw÷s †iU `xN©vwqZ n‡e GgbwK Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ ΓwUc~Y© n‡Z cv‡i| `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ci †gvì‡K cÖ_‡g cÖvK…wZKfv‡e WªvB Kiv nq| AZtci Wªvqv‡i ¯’vcb K‡i P‚ovš—fv‡e Wªvwqs Kiv nq| cÖvK…wZK Wªvwqs wPÎt Wªvqv‡i ivLv wm³ †gvì|

d¨vb Øviv Kiv nq| ZvQvov Kvw÷s k‡ci ZvcgvÎv GKUz †ekx

ivLv nq| d‡j cÖvK…wZK Wªvwqs Zivwš^Z nq|

2|Wªvqvi †_‡K †gvì AcmviY K‡i Kvw÷s †e‡Â ¯’vcb Kiyb|

                                                                   wPÎt Kvw÷s †e‡Â ¯’vcb Kiv †gvì|

3|c~‡e© jvMv‡bv U¨vé †gvRv e¨envi K‡i ‡gvì cwi®‹vi  K‡i wbb|†gv‡ì AwZwi³ Uvé cvDWvi _vK‡j Zv `ª‡e¨ ¯’vbvš—wiZ n‡Z cv‡i| hv P‚ovš—fv‡e Drcbœ `ª‡e¨ ΓwU m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|Z‡e AvaywbK wkí KviLvbvq Uvé `~i Kivi Rb¨ K‡¤cÖmW Gqvi e¨envi Kiv nq|

                                                                             wPÎt Uvé cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

4|†gv‡ìi Dfq cvU© GKÎ Kiyb| GB Dfq cv‡U©i ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bB `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

                                                                             wPÎt †gv‡ìi cvU© GKÎ Kiv n‡”Q|

5| †gv‡ìi Dfq cvU©‡K `ywU K¬v¤c Øviv my`„pfv‡e AvUwK‡q wbb| hv‡Z w¯¬‡ci DaŸ©g~wL Pv‡c w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|

                                                                             wPÎt †gv‡ì K¬v¤c jvMv‡bv n‡”Q|

6| w¯¬c Xvjvi Rb¨ †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xjvi c‡_i Dci dv‡bj ewm‡q wbb|dv‡bj emv‡bvi mgq dv‡b‡ji Zj‡`‡k w¯¬c jvwM‡q wb‡Z nq| hv‡Z †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjvi mg‡q dv‡bj I †gv‡ìi ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| †gv‡ìi Dcwi As‡k `yBwU w¯¬c Xvjvi c_ _v‡K| Dfq c‡_i DciB dv‡bj emv‡bv nq| hLb GKwU c‡_i ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c Xvjv nq ZLb Ab¨ c_ w`‡q †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡Mi evZvm †ewi‡q Av‡m| †gv‡ì †Kvb Kvi‡Y wPÎt †gv‡ì dv‡bj emv‡bv n‡”Q|

AwZwi³ w¯¬c Xvjv n‡j Zv Aci c‡_i ga¨ w`‡q †hb Qwo‡qco‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨B dv‡bj e¨envi Kiv nq|

7|†gv‡ì dv‡b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c Xvjyb|

                                                                             wPÎt †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjv n‡”Q|

8|w¯¬c Xvjvi KvR m¤cbœ nIqvi AvavN›Uv ci `ªe¨ k³ n‡q Avm‡Z ïi“ Ki‡j w¯¬c Xvjvi c‡_ AvUwK‡q _vKv ewW Qzwi Øviv cwi®‹vi K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt †gvì cwi®‹vi Kiv n‡”Q|

9|`ªe¨ ch©vß kw³cÖvß nIqvi ci †gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY K‡i wbb|

                             wPÎt Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY Kiv n‡”Q|

10|†gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY K‡i wbb| d‡j wb‡Pi cv‡U© `ª‡e¨i Aew¯’wZ †`Lv hv‡e|

                                                                             wPÎt c„_K Kiv †gv‡ìi cvU©¸‡jv|

11|`ª‡e¨i Af¨š—ifv‡M cvÂ-Gi mvnv‡h¨ wQ`ª K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt cv Kiv n‡”Q|

12|IqvUvi U¨vs‡K cvwb Bb‡jU, AvDU‡jU Ges G‡K ¯’vc‡bi wQ`ª¸‡jv cv Øviv wQ`ª Kivi KvR m¤cbœ K‡i `ª‡e¨i Wªvwqs m¤cbœKi“b| AZtci c~‡e© cv Kiv wQ`ª¸‡jv‡K Pzovš—fv‡e gm„Y K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt wQ`ª gm„Y Kiv n‡”Q|

13|`ª‡e¨i Dcwifv‡Mi Agm„Y Ask ‡¯Œcvi Øviv gm„Y K‡i wbb|

                                                                             wPÎt avi¸‡jv gm„Y Kiv n‡”Q|

14|avZe †nqvi †bU Øviv `ªe¨‡K P‚ovš—fv‡e wdwbwks Ki“b|

                                                                             wPÎt †bU Øviv wdwbwks Kiv n‡”Q|

15| IqvUvi U¨vs‡Ki wdwbwks Kivi KvR P‚ovš—fv‡e m¤cbœ KiæY|

                                                                            wPÎt wdwbwks Kiv KvuPv `ªe¨|

†mjd †PK 2.4-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| mwjW Kvw÷s ej‡Z Kx eySvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| Kvw÷s k‡ci ZvcgvÎv GKUz †ekx ivLv nq †KbwjLyb ?

cÖkœ 3| AvaywbK wkí KviLvbvq Uvé cvDWvi Kxfv‡e `~i Kiv nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 4| dv‡b‡ji Zj‡`‡k w¯¬c jvMv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 5| †gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© KLb AcmviY Ki‡Z nq wjLyb ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

K| `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ci †gvì‡K cÖ_‡g cÖvK…wZKfv‡e WªvB Kiv nq|

L| †gv‡ì AwZwi³ Uvé cvDWvi _vK‡j Zv `ª‡e¨ ¯’vbvš—wiZ nq bv|

M| w¯¬‡ci DaŸ©g~wL Pv‡c w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

N| †gv‡ì dv‡b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c Xvjyb|

O| avZe †nqvi †bU Øviv `ªe¨‡K P‚ovš—fv‡e wdwbwks Ki“b|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Ki“Y -

K| †gv‡ìi --------- GKwU mwjW ev wb‡iU `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq |

L| †gvì h_vh_fv‡e Wªvwqs Kiv bv n‡j Gi ---------- `xN©vwqZ n‡e |

M| Dfq cv‡U©i ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bB `ª‡e¨i --------- MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

N| `ª‡e¨i Af¨š—ifv‡M -----------Gi mvnv‡h¨ wQ`ª K‡i wbb|

O| †gv‡ìi Dcwi As‡k --------- w¯¬c Xvjvi c_ _v‡K|

DËicÎ 2.4-1

DËi-1 

†h cÖwµqvq †gvì MnŸ‡i w¯¬c †X‡j Dnv‡K wW-IqvUvwis wcwiqW e¨vcx †gv‡ì †i‡L †`qvi ci †gv‡ìi Af¨šÍifv‡M GKwU mwjW ev wb‡iU `ªe¨ cvIqv hvq Dnv‡KB mwjW Kvw÷s e‡j|

DËi-2

Kvw÷s k‡ci ZvcgvÎv GKUz †ekx ivLv nq| d‡j cÖvK…wZK Wªvwqs Zivwš^Z nq|

DËi-3

AvaywbK wkí KviLvbvq U¨vé `~i Kivi Rb¨ K‡¤cÖm&W Gqvi e¨envi Kiv nq|

DËi-4

dv‡bj emv‡bvi mgq Gi Zj‡`‡k w¯¬c jvwM‡q wb‡Z nq| hv‡Z †gv‡ì w¯¬c Xvjvi mg‡q dv‡bj I †gv‡ìi ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ga¨ w`‡q w¯¬c wjK Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|

DËi-5

`ªe¨ ch©vß kw³cÖvß nIqvi ci †gv‡ìi Dc‡ii cvU© AcmviY K‡i wbb|

DËi- mZ¨/ wg_¨v

K| m

L| wg

M| wg

N| m

      O| m

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb cyiY

K| Af¨š—ifv‡M

L| Kvw÷s †iU

M|AvK…wZ

N| cvÂ

O|`yBwU

wkLbdj 5- ‰Zwi Kiv `ª‡e¨i ত্রুটি wPwýZ K‡i †m¸‡jv `~i KiY |

welqe¯‘

1| mwjW Ges †Wªb Kvw÷s-G m„ó ΓwU¸wj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cviv|

2| ΓwU¸‡jv m„wó nIqvi Kvib ej‡Z cviv|

3| ΓwU¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq m¤c‡K© ej‡Z cviv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| mwjW Ges †Wªb Kvw÷s-G m„ó ΓwU¸‡jvwPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| ΓwU¸‡jvm„wó nIqvi Kvib ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| ΓwU¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq m¤c‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vejx

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        KvuPv `ªe¨

·        †gvì

·         w¯¬c

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj: ‰Zwi Kiv `ª‡e¨i ΓwU wPwýZ K‡i †m¸‡jv `~i KiY |

Bbdi‡gkb kxU 2.5-1

ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨i ΓwU wPwýZ Kiv I Zv `~i Kiv

wkLb D‡Ïk¨

GB Bbdi‡gkb wmU covi ci Avcwb mwjW I †Wªb Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨i ΓwU wPwýZ K‡i Zvi cÖwZKvi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|

ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨i ΓwU-                

Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi mgq e¨eüZ w¯¬‡ci wewfbœ ¸bvejx I †gvì h_vh_ kZ©vaxb bv _vKvq Ges Kg©xi AmveavbZvi Rb¨ ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi ΓwU cwijw¶Z nq| G mKj ΓwU‡K Kvw÷s wW‡d± ev ΓwUe‡j| Kvw÷s ΓwUi g‡a¨ D‡j­L‡hvM¨ nj Iqvwc©s, µ¨K, wcb‡nvj, Amg cyi“Z¡, †gv‡ìi mv‡_ `ªe¨ †j‡M _vKv BZ¨vw`|

c~e© †_‡KB Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci ¸bvejx mwVKfv‡e wbqš¿b K‡i Ges †gvì‡K mwVK KwÛk‡b †i‡L `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡j Ges Kg©x mveavbZvi mv‡_ mwVK c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡j A‡bK ΓwU cwinvi Kiv hvq| GiciI `ª‡e¨ A‡bK mgq c~‡e© D‡j­wLZΓwU¸‡jv cwijw¶Z nq| G‡`i m„wói KviY c~e© †_‡KB ejv hvqbv| eis msMwVZ nIqvi ci wewfbœ cix¶v-wbix¶v I ch©‡e¶Y K‡i G‡`i Kvib m¤c‡K© gyUvgywU avibv cvIqv hvq|

wb‡æ mwjW I †Wªb Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m D™¢‚Z ΓwU I Zv‡`i cÖwZKvi eY©xZ nj-

1| Iqvwc©s-

Kvib-  Kvw÷s cÖ‡m‡m `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi ci †hme ΓwUcwijw¶Z nq Iqvwc©s Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ c„_K Kivi mgq AmveavbZvi Rb¨ `ª‡e¨ AvNvZ †c‡j Ges `ªe¨ h_vh_fv‡e MxÖb‡÷ªš’ jvf Kivi c~‡e© †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡j Iqvwc©s ΓwU †`Lv †`q|

                                                                                                                             wPÎt Iqvwc©s ΓwU|

cÖwZKvi-

†gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvib Kivi mgq `ªe¨ hv‡Z AvNvZcÖvß bv nq G wel‡q Lye mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i Ges `ªe¨ h_vh_ wMÖb‡÷ªs_ jvf Kivi ci `ªe¨‡K Acmvib K‡i GB ΓwUi cÖwZKvi Kiv hvq| GQvovI m`¨ KvuPv `ªe¨vw` ¯’vbvš—‡ii mgq mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡i `ª‡e¨ GB ΓwU msMwVZ nIqv †_‡K `ªe¨‡K i¶v Kiv hvq|

µ¨vK-

wPÎt Kvc Ges IqvUvi †K¬v‡R‡Ui Af¨š—ifv‡M Drcbœ µ¨vK|

Kvib-

`ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡Amg AvK…wZi n‡j A_©vr †Kvb As‡k cyi“Z¡ AwaK I †Kvb As‡k cyi“Z¡Kg nIqvi Kvi‡b WªvwqsKv‡j `ªe¨ mylgfv‡e ïKv‡Z cv‡ibv d‡j GB ˆelg¨ Wªvwqs Gi d‡j `ª‡e¨ µ¨vKm„wó nq| GQvovI `ªe¨ †gvì †_‡K Acmvi‡bi mgq mvgvb¨ AvNvZ †c‡j hv mv‡_ mv‡_ cwijw¶Z bv n‡q Wªvwqs Gi mgq µ¨vKev dvU‡ji m„wó K‡i|

cÖwZKvi-

`ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡ mvgÄm¨c~Y© K‡i ˆZwi K‡i Ges AwaK cyi“‡Z¡iAs‡ki mv‡_ Kg cyi“‡Z¡iAs‡ki ms‡hvM¯’‡ji cyi“Z¡mvgÄm¨ K‡i GB ΓwU cwinvi Kiv hvq| GQvov †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvi‡bi mgq mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡i GB ΓwU wbqš¿b Kiv hvq|

wcb‡nvj-

Kvib-

Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci wfZ‡i Gqvi evejm _vK‡j Zv `~i bv K‡iB D³ w¯¬c Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡j ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨ wcb‡nvj m„wó nq| G‡Z `ª‡e¨ †QvU †QvU wQ‡`ªi gZ ΓwU †`Lv †`q| GB †QvU †QvU wQ`ª‡KB wcb‡nvj ejv nq| †gv‡ìi Af¨š—ifv‡M wQ`ª _vK‡j w¯¬c Xvjvi ci H wQ`ª¯’ evZvm †gvì †_‡K AcmvwiZ n‡Z bv cvi‡jI wcb‡nv‡ji m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov †gv‡ì Lye `ª“Z w¯¬c Xvj‡j hw` †gv‡ì evZvm AvU‡K hvq Zvn‡jI wcb‡nvj m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

cÖwZKvi-

w¯¬c‡K Kvw÷s Kivi Kgc‡¶ 12 N›Uv c~‡e© Lye axi MwZ‡Z bvovwbi mvnv‡h¨ w¯¬c‡K bvov‡j w¯¬‡ci g‡a¨ †Kvb Gqvi evejm _vK‡j Zv AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq| eveyjmgy³ w¯¬c Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi K‡i wcb‡nvj ΓwU cwinvi Kiv hvq|GRb¨ †gv‡ì hv‡Z †Kvb wQ`ª bv _v‡K Zv wbwðZ nIqv| †gv‡ì Lye axi MwZ‡Z w¯¬c Xvjv hv‡Z evZvm AvUKv‡Z bv cv‡i|

Amg cyi“Z¡-

Kvib-

†gv‡ìi wewfbœ As‡ki cvwb †kvlY ¶gZv wfbœZvi Kvi‡b †Wªb Kvw÷s cÖwµqvq `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi mgq `ª‡e¨i w_K‡b‡mi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z ˆZwiK…Z `ªe¨ WªvwqsKv‡j dvUvi cÖebZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

cÖwZKvi-

GB Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ †gvì‡K mylgfv‡e ﮋ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| †gv‡ìi cyi“Z¡ hv‡Z me©ÎB cÖvq GKB iK‡gi nq Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Avevi †gvì Lye WªvB n‡j †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î  cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx G‡K mvgvb¨ cwigv‡b W¨v¤c K‡i wb‡j GB Amyweav `~i Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i m`¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z †gvì n‡j W¨v¤c K‡i wb‡Z nq|

†gv‡ìi mv‡_ `ªe¨ AvU‡K _vKv-

Kvib-

A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq †gv‡ì `ªe¨ Kvw÷s Kivi ci wba©vwiZ mg‡qi c‡iI †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvib Kiv hvqbv| Kvib `ªe¨wU †gv‡ìi mv‡_ †j‡M _v‡K| w¯¬‡c wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U Gi gvÎv cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q AwZwi³ n‡j GB ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq|

cÖwZKvi-

w¯¬‡c wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U cÖ‡qvRbgZ e¨envi K‡i GB Amyweav wbimb Kiv hvq| w¯¬‡c †Kvb µ‡gB wW‡d¬vwKD‡j‡›Ui gvÎv MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎvi AwZwi³ nIqv DwPZ bq|

`ªe¨ a‡m cov (Callapse)-

Kvib-

†gvì †_‡K wba©vwiZ mg‡qi c~‡e©B `ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡j Dnv ch©vß cwigvY wMÖb‡÷ªš’AR©bKi‡Z m¶g nq bv| GgZve¯’vq `ªe¨ †gvì †_‡K Acmvib K‡i †i‡L w`‡j `ªe¨ wb‡Ri IR‡b wb‡RB aŸ‡m c‡i|

cÖwZKvi-

`ªe¨ ch©vß wMÖb‡÷ªs_ AR©b Kivi ci G‡K †gvì †_‡K Acmvib K‡i GB ΓwU `~i Kiv hvq| Z‡e †gv‡ì `xN© mgq `ªe¨ †i‡L †`Iqv AbywPZ|

†mjd †PK 2.5-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| Kvw÷s Kiv `ª‡e¨ m¤¢ve¨ 5wU ΓwUi bvg wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| Iqvwc©s ΓwU †Kb nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 3| µ¨vKΓwU cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 4| wcb‡nvj ej‡Z wK eySvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 5| `ª‡e¨ Amg cyi“Z¡ m„wó nIqvi Kvib wjLyb ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb –

K| `ªe¨ h_vh_fv‡e wMÖb‡÷ªš’ jvf Kivi c~‡e© †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡j wcb‡nvj ΓwU†`Lv †`q|

L| †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvi‡Yi mgq mveavbZv Aej¤^b K‡i GB Iqvwc©s wbqš¿b Kiv hvq|

M| eveyjmgy³ w¯¬c Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi K‡i wcb‡nvj ΓwU cwinvi Kiv hvqbv|

N| m`¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z †gvì n‡j W¨v¤c K‡i wb‡Z nq|

O| †gv‡ì `xN© mgq `ªe¨ †i‡L †`Iqv DwPZ| 

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Ki“b-

K| `ªe¨ h_vh_ wMÖb‡÷ªš’ jvf Kivi ci `ªe¨‡K Acmvib K‡i GB ΓwUi---------- Kiv hvq|

L| ˆelg¨ Wªvwqs Gi d‡j `ª‡e¨ ---------- m„wó nq|

M| †gv‡ì Lye `ª“Z w¯¬c Xvj‡j hw` †gv‡ì evZvm AvU‡K hvq Zvn‡jI ---------- m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

N| †gv‡ìi ---------- hv‡Z me©ÎB cÖvq GKB iK‡gi nq Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

O| w¯¬‡c ---------- Gi gvÎv cÖ‡qvR‡bi †P‡q AwZwi³ n‡j GB ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq|

DËicÎ 2.5-1

DËi K-

cvuPwU Kvw÷s ΓwUi bvg n‡jv- Iqvwc©s, µ¨vK, wcb‡nvj, Amg cyi“Z¡, †gv‡ìi mv‡_ `ªe¨ †j‡M _vKv|

DËi L-

†gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ c„_K Kivi mgq AmveavbZvi Rb¨ `ª‡e¨ AvNvZ †c‡j Ges `ªe¨ h_vh_fv‡e wMÖb‡÷ªš’ jvf Kivi c~‡e© †gvì †_‡K `ªe¨ Acmvib Ki‡j Iqvwc©s ΓwU †`Lv †`q|

DËi M-

`ª‡e¨i cyi“Z¡ mvgÄm¨c~Y© K‡i `ªe¨ ˆZwi K‡i Ges AwaK cyi“‡Z¡i As‡ki mv‡_ Kg cyi“‡Z¡i As‡ki ms‡hvM¯’‡ji cyi“Z¡ mvgÄm¨ K‡i GBΓwU cwinvi Kiv hvq|

DËi N-

Kvw÷s w¯¬‡ci wfZ‡i Gqvi evejm _vK‡j Zv `~i bv K‡iB D³ w¯¬c Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡j ˆZwiK…Z `ª‡e¨ wcb‡nvj m„wó nq| G‡Z `ª‡e¨ †QvU †QvU wQ‡`ªi gZ ΓwU †`Lv †`q| GB †QvU †QvU wQ`ª‡KB wcb‡nvj ejv nq|

DËi O-

†gv‡ìi wewfbœ As‡ki cvwb †kvlY ¶gZv wfbœZvi Kvi‡b †Wªb Kvw÷s cÖwµqvq `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi mgq `ª‡e¨i w_K‡b‡mi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K|

DËi- mZ¨/ wg_¨v

K| wg

L| m

M| wg

N| m

O| wg

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb

K| cwinvi

L| µ¨vK

M| wcb‡nvj

N| cyi“Z¡

O| wW‡d¬vwKD‡j›U

Kvh©µgcÎ 2.5-1

wk‡ivbvgt mwjW I †Wªb Kvw÷s c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZwiKiY|

D‡Ïk¨t mwjW I †Wªb Kvw÷s †gvì Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb|

Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Uzjm I hš¿cvwZ- †¯cwmwd‡Kkb kx‡Ui ZvwjKv Abyhvqx|

c×wZ

·        cÖwk¶K‡K AewnZ Ki“b †h, Avcwb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z|

·        cÖwk¶K GLb Avcbv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvj mieivn Ki‡eb|

·        IGmGBP Abykxjb K‡i KvR m¤cbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvj e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Av‡Q wKbv Zv cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Kvw÷s †gvì cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Kv‡Ri Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        ¸YMZgvb AR©‡b Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i ΓwU mg~n wPwýZ K‡i wi‡cvU© Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv I ¸YMZgvb Abyhvqx `ªe¨wU cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        evwZj `ªe¨¸‡jv wPwýZ I Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Gici djvdj msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges Kvh©‡¶Î‡K Av`k©gvb Abyhvqx cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

·        me‡k‡l AveR©bv mwVKfv‡e AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U c×wZ

Kvh©m¤cv`b gvb`‡Ûi ZvwjKv cÖ`k©b|

†¯cwmwd‡Kkb kxU 2.5-1

Dc‡ii KvRwU m¤cbœ Ki‡Z wbæwjwLZ Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvj cÖ‡qvRb n‡e-

wcwcB (e¨vw³MZ wbivcËv RwbZ miÄvg) t-

·        †mdwU eyU

·        †nqvi †bU

·        gv¯‹

·        G‡cÖvb

·        n¨vÛ †M­vfm

·        MMjm&

Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvjt-

·        †gvì

·        Kvw÷s w¯¬c

·        ev‡KU

·        ‡¯Œvcvim

·        ¯cÄ

·        eªvk

·        †c÷ w¯¬c

·        Wªvqvi

·        Kv‡Vi KvwV

·        cvÂ

·        †gvRv

·        ûBj

·        Kvw÷s †Uwej

·        K¬v¤c

·        Kv‡Vi †eÂ

·        K‡¤cÖmW Gqvi

·        cvwb

·        ivevi †eë

·        óxj †eë

·        Kv‡Vi cvwZ

·        gM

·        KvM‡Ri Kvc

·        cÖc

·        Qzwi

·        `wo

·        Uvé cvDWvi