m~PxcÎ

wkLbdj 1: e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg Abykxjb Ges AbymiY KiY |

 welqe¯‘

1| e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg mbv³KiY Ges cwiavb|

2| Kg©‡¶‡Î e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg e¨envi Ges Abykxjb|

A¨v‡mmg¨v›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| KvR PjvKvjxb e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ DcKib (wcwcB) e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |

2| Kv‡Ri mgq IGmGBP Gi Av`k© gvb`Û Abyhvqx Kg©‡¶Î †mUAvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vejx

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e-

· e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ DcKiY (wcwcB)

wkLb DcKiY

·        eB, g¨vbyqvj

·        gwWDj ev †idv‡iÝ

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj: e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg Abykxjb Ges AbymiY KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb kxU 3.1-1

e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ DcKiY (wcwcB) cwiwPwZ

wkLb D‡Ïk¨

GB Bbdi‡gkb wkUwU covi ci Avcwb Kg©‡¶‡Î e¨eüZ e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ DcKib (wcwcB) mbv³KiY, IGmGBP Abykxjb Ges AbymiY Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|

e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ DcKib (wcwcB)

e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg n‡jv GK ai‡bi †cvkvK ev e¯‘| GUv Kg©x‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î AvnZ nIqv A_ev Amy¯’ nIqvi SzuwK n‡Z wbivc` iv‡L|

e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg-G hv _v‡K

1.       gyL myi¶v Ges `ywlZ evqy ayjv-gqjv n‡Z myi¶vi Rb¨ gv¯‹|

2.      †PvL myi¶vi Rb¨ M­v‡mm/MMjm|

3.     Pzj myi¶vi Rb¨ †nqvi †bU|

4.       †cvkvK cwi”Qbœ ivLvi Rb¨ G‡cÖvb|

5.      cv myi¶vi Rb¨ †mdwU eyU BZ¨vw`|

†cvkvK myi¶v

†_ªvwqs c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨vw` ˆZix Kivi mgq Kv`vgvwUi wQUv wQUwK‡q Mv‡q co‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨

†cvkvK myi¶v Z_v cwi®‹vi ivLvi Rb¨ G‡cÖvb e¨envi Kiv nq|

cv myi¶v

cv Øviv †K¬ ˆZwi Kivi mgq G‡Z we`¨gvb cv_iKYv Øviv cv †K‡U †h‡Z cv‡i ev cv‡qi wfZ‡i cv_iKYv cÖ‡ek K‡i ¶‡Zi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB †K¬ cÖ¯‘wZKv‡j †mBdwU eyU cwiavb Kiv Acwinvh©|

dzmdzm myi¶v

gv¯‹ evZv‡mi a~jv Ges ¶z`ª KwYKv dzmdz‡m cÖ‡ek Kiv †_‡K Kg©x‡K i¶v K‡i| GRb¨ a~wjevwj †_‡K dzmdzm i¶v Kivi Rb¨ gv¯‹ e¨envi Kiv nq|
                                   

†PvL myi¶v

cUvwii `ªe¨vw` †_ªvwqsKv‡j ûBj †n‡Wi Dc‡i N~Y©vqgvb ûBj †_‡K Kv`vhy³ cvwb wQUwK‡q †Pv‡L co‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov cvwicvk¦© †_‡K ayjvevwj †Pv‡L co‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ †mBdwU MMjm e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎt †mBdwU MMjm

†PvL myi¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii mgq wKQz wbqgKvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|

†hgb- 1| †hme SzuwKi Kvi‡Y Bnv cwiavb Kiv nq †hb GUv †PvL‡K h_vh_fv‡e i¶v K‡i|

        2| cwiav‡bi Rb¨ GUv †hb Avivg`vqK nq|

        3| GUv †hb mn‡R cwi¯‹vi‡hvM¨ nq |

        4| Gi †_‡K †hb †Kvb msµgY bv N‡U|

        5| GUv †hb e¨envi Dc‡hvMx nq|

gv_vi myi¶v

ûBj †n‡Wi Dc‡i †_ªvwqsKv‡j Kv`vhy³ cvwbi wQUv gv_vq wbw¶ß n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ Pzj Z_v gv_v cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z †nqvi †bU e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎt †nqvi †bU 

nv‡Zi bL myi¶v

†_ªvwqs cÖwµqvq `ªe¨ ˆZixKv‡j nv‡Zi bL eo _vK‡j b‡Li †fZ‡i †K¬ cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| ZvQvov nv‡Zi AvOzj †Kvb Kvi‡Y †KvYvK…wZ n‡j N~Y©vqgvb †K¬i Pv‡c nv‡Zi AvOzj we`xY© n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB nv‡Zi AvOzj myi¶vi Rb¨ KvR শুরু Kivi c~‡e©B nv‡Zi AvOz‡ji bL †bBj KvUvi w`‡q †K‡U †dj‡Z n‡e| bL KvUv _vK‡j nv‡Zi AvOzj wbivc` _vK‡e|

wPÎt †bBj KvUvi

e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄv‡gi mwVK e¨envi

e¨w³MZ wbivcËv cÖ‡Póvi †gŠwjK D‡Ï¨k¨ n‡jv Kg©cwi‡ek‡K wbivc` ivLv| Kg©x Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq †h‡bv †Kvb `yN©Ubvi wkKvi bv nq| A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y Gi h‡_ó ¸রুZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Kg©xi ¯^v¯’¨ Ges wbivcËv RwbZ Dbœq‡bi Kvi‡Y wcwcB Gi h‡_ó Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q|

h_vh_ cÖwk¶Y

kªwgK‡`i wcwcB e¨envi m¤c~Y©iƒ‡c wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j wb¤œwjwLZ welq¸‡jv Aek¨B we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e

    1| Kg©x‡`i wbivcËv miÄvg †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv Aek¨B Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡e|

    2| wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg Kg©xiv †h‡bv mn‡R Ges Aviv‡g e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

    3| Kg©x‡`i g‡bve‡j cwieZ©b Avb‡Z wbivcËvRwbZ wel‡q A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mg_©‡bi

         Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q|

†mjd †PK 3.1-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| wcwcB ej‡Z Kx eySvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| dzmdzm i¶v Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nq ? 

cÖkœ 3| G‡cÖvb cwiavb Kivi KviY e¨L¨v Ki“Y ?

cÖkœ 4| †PvL myi¶v DcKiY e¨env‡ii mgq wK wK wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z nq ?

cÖkœ 5| wb‡¤œi wcwcB Gi D`vniY wjLyb ?

        K| †PvL myi¶v

        L| gv_vi myi¶v

        M| cv myi¶v

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

      K| gv¯‹ Kg©xi nvZ‡K myi¶v K‡i |

      L| MMjm Kg©xi †PvL‡K ayjvevwj n‡Z i¶v K‡i|

      M| Kg©xi Pzj myi¶v K‡i †nqvi †bU|

      N| †nqvi †bU AvOzj myi¶vi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY KiæY -

     K| Kg©xi †cvkvK cwi®‹vi ivLvi Rb¨ -------- e¨envi Kiv nq|

     L| Kg©x‡`i g‡bve‡j cwieZ©b Avb‡Z wbivcËvRwbZ wel‡q ------------- I ----------- mg_©‡bi

          Avek¨KZv i‡q‡Q|

     M| nv‡Zi bL KvUvi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq --------|

     N| e¨w³MZ wbivcËv miÄvg Kg©x‡K ----------- nIqv †_‡K i¶v K‡i|

DËicÎ 3.1-1

DËi-1 

e¨w³MZ wbivcËvRwbZ miÄvg (wcwcB) n‡jv GK ai‡bi †cvkvK ev e¯‘| hv gvbyl‡K AvnZ

Ki‡Z A_ev Amy¯’ nIqvi SzuwK †_‡K i¶v K‡i|

DËi-2

dzmdzm i¶v Kivi Rb¨ gv¯‹ e¨envi Kiv nq|

DËi-3

kªwg‡Ki †cvkvK myi¶v Z_v cwi®‹vi ivLvi Rb¨ G‡cÖvb e¨envi Kiv nq|

DËi-4

†hgb- 1| †hme SzuwKi Kvi‡Y Bnv cwiavb Kiv nq †hb GUv †PvL‡K h_vh_fv‡e i¶v K‡i|

2| cwiav‡bi Rb¨ GUv †hb Avivg`vqK nq|

3| GUv †hb mn‡R cwi¯‹vi‡hvM¨ nq |

4| Gi †_‡K †hb †Kvb msµgY bv N‡U|

5| GUv †hb e¨envi Dc‡hvMx nq|

DËi-5

K| †mBdwU MMjm

L| †nqvi †bU

M| †mBdwU eyU

DËi- mZ¨ / wg_¨v

K| wg         

L| m        

M| m       

N| wg

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb

K| G‡cÖvb        

L| A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK         

M| †bBj KvUvi          

N| AvnZ

m~PxcÎ

wkLbdj 2- ¯^xK…Z c×wZ Abymv‡i `ªªe¨ ˆZwii Dc‡hvMx K‡i †K¬ ewW ˆZwi KiY|

welqe¯‘

1| †_ªvwqs c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZixi Dc‡hvMx †K¬ mbv³ Kiv|

2| †_ªvwqs c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZixi Dc‡hvMx †K¬ msMÖn Kiv|

3| †_ªvwqs c×wZ‡Z `ªe¨ ˆZixi Dc‡hvMx †K¬ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv|

4| †K¬-i cÖKvi‡f` wbY©q Kiv|

5| †K¬-i ¸bv¸Y wbY©q Kiv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| `ªe¨ ˆZixi Dc‡hvMx KvuPvgvj mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| KvuPvgvj msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| Ac`ªe¨ wPwýZ K‡i Zv AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4| †K¬ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vejx

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e |

·        †ejPv           

·        †Kv`vj

·        evjwZ

·        cvwb

·        Pvjywb I

·        cv_i/ Kv‡Vi nvZzwo |

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj - ¯^xK…Z c×wZ Abymv‡i `ªªe¨ ˆZwii Dc‡hvMx K‡i †K¬ ewW ˆZwi KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb kxU 3.2-1

cUvix `ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ KvPvugvj

wkLb D‡Ïk¨

GB Bbdi‡gkb wmU covi ci Avcwb cUvix `ªe¨ Drcv`b KviLvbvq e¨eüZ ‡K¬ ˆZwi Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb|

cUvix `ªe¨ Drcv`b KviLvbvq e¨eüZ KvuPvgvj mg~n -

·  ‡K¬ RvZxq KvuPvgvj

·  Avqib A·vBW

·  ewW †÷Bb

·  MÖM

·  wgwn evjy

‡K¬ RvZxq KvuPvgvj                      

mvaviYZ f‚c„‡ôi Dcwi fv‡Mi ¯Íi‡KB gvwU e‡j| ev¯ÍweK c‡ÿ f‚c„‡ôi Dcwifv‡Mi me gvwUi cÖK…wZ GK iKg bq| ¯’vb ev Ae¯’v‡f‡` G‡`i MVb I ¸Yv¸‡Yi g‡a¨ ZviZg¨ i‡q‡Q| me gvwU ev †K¬ cUvixi `ªe¨vw` ˆZwii Dc‡hvMx bq| wmivwgK ev g„rwk‡íi `„wó‡Z gvwU nj GKwU A‰Re ‡hŠwMK c`v_© ,hvi  mv‡_ cvwb †hvM Ki‡j AvVv‡jv nq , B”Qvbyhvqx AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq , ïKv‡j kw³ AR©b K‡i Ges †cvov‡j ¯’vqx iƒc jvf K‡i Dnv‡KB gvwU e‡j| cUvixi `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †K¬ ev gvwUi KZK¸‡jv ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖavb ev Ab¨Zg †h ¸YwU cÖ‡qvRb Zv nj AvVvjZv ev cøvw÷wmwU|

AvVvjZv

AvVvjZv gvwU ev †K¬i GgbB GKwU ¸Y hvi d‡j gvwU‡K B”Qv Abyhvqx AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq | Ges AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi ci Dnv AvK…wZ †`qv `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Kg AvVvjZv m¤úbœ gvwU Øviv ûBj †n‡Wi Dci KvR Kiv hv‡ebv| Ggb wK gva¨wgK gvÎvi AvVvjZv m¤úbœ †K¬ Øviv ûBj †n‡Wi Dci KvR `~in n‡q Øvivq| KviY ûBj †n‡Wi Dci gvwU NyYv©qgvb Ae¯’vq Bnv cUvi ev Kzgv‡ii nvZ I _v‡gi Dci cÖPÛ Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i | G‡Z K‡i Kv‡Ri mgq A‡bK kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avi AvVvjZv AwaK n‡j Kv‡Ri mgq Kg kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e AwZ gvÎvq AvVvjZv `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ DËg dj e‡q Av‡b bv| KviY AwaK AvVvjZv m¤úbœ †K¬ ev gvwU Øviv ˆZwi Kiv `ªe¨ ‡ewk msKzwPZ n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z `ª‡e¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi ÎæwU †`Lv w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB gvwUi AvVvjZv GKwU MÖnb †hvM¨ mxgvi g‡a¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î gvwU Lye AvVv†jv n‡j Gi mv‡_ AvVv‡jvZv wenxb KvuPvgvj †hgb evwj ev MÖM †hvM K‡i AvVvjZv MÖnb†hvM¨ mxgvi g‡a¨ Avbv nq| Avevi AvVvjZv Kg n‡j †K¬i mv‡_ AvVvjZv hy³ KvuPvgvj †hgb- ej ‡K¬ †hvM K‡i Zv mgš^q Kiv nq| ZvB cUvixi `ªe¨vw` Drcv`‡b AvVvjZv ¸iæZ¡c~b© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|  

gvwU ev †K¬-i kw³

AvVvjZvi ci cUvix †K¬ ev †_ªvBs ‡K¬-i wØZxq †h ¸Y _vKv Avek¨K Zv nj `ªe¨ AvK…wZ cÖ`vbKvjxb mg‡qi kw³| ‡K¬ ïaygvÎ AvVvj n‡jB Pj‡e bv eis `ªe¨ AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kv‡j Gi AvK…wZ wVK ivLi Rb¨ ch©vß kw³ _vK‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i `ª‡e¨i †`qv‡ji cyiæZ¡ hLb cvZjv n‡q Av‡m|

`ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vbKvjxb mg‡qi kw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ †K¬ ewW wKQz cwigvb †gvUv ev †Kvm© KwbKv aviY Kiv Avek¨K| hw` †K¬‡Z cÖK…wZMZfv‡e Giƒc KwbKv we`¨gvb _v‡K Z‡e DnvB DËg| Avi hw` †_ªvBs †K¬‡Z Giƒc KwbKvi Dcw¯’wZ bv cvIqv hvq †m‡ÿ‡Î Gi mv‡_ dvqvi †K¬ , wgwn ev m~ÿ KwbKv wewkó evwj, MÖM ev G¸‡jvi mgš^q K‡i `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kvwjb mg‡qi kw³ cvIqv hv‡e|

hw` †_ªvBs ewW‡Z MÖM e¨envi Kiv nq ‡m‡ÿ‡Î  MÖM 30 †g‡mi Pvjywb ev ¯Œxb Øviv †P‡j wb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e GB KwbKvi g‡a¨ 80 †g‡mi Dc‡ii KwbKv we`¨gvb _vKv DwPZ bq| A_v©r 30-80 †g‡mi MÖM †_ªvBs Kv‡j `ª‡e¨i kw³ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx | AwZ †gvUv KwbKvi MÖM ûBj †n‡Wi Dci KvR Kivi mgq cUvi ev Kzgv‡ii nv‡Z cxov`vqK Ae¯’vi KviY n‡q `vovq| mvaviYZ †_vBs ‡K¬ ewW‡Z 8%-10% Gi AwaK †gvUv ev †Kvm© KwbKvi MÖM _vKv DwPZ bq|

cvwb‡kvlY ¶gZv

cUvix †K¬ ev †_ªvBs †K¬i Z…Zxq †h ˆewkó¨ _vKv DwPZ Zv nj Gi cvwb †kvlY ÿgZv| hw` †K¬-i cvwb †kvlY ÿgZv AwaK nq †m†ÿ‡Î `ªe¨ AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi mgq `ªe¨ big n‡q hv‡e d‡j `ªe¨ Gi AvK…wZ a‡i ivLv `~in n‡q co‡e| GQvovI cUvi ûBj †n‡Wi Dci KvR Kivi mgq Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© wKQz cvwb †hvM Ki‡Z nq | ‡K¬ hw` AwaK cvwb †kvlb ÿgZvi AwaKvwi nq Zvn‡j Zv cvwb †kvlb K‡i Av‡iv AwaK big n‡q hv‡e| G‡Z `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv AviI KwVb n‡q co‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î †K¬i cvwb †kvlb ÿgZv GKwU mgm¨v n‡q `vov‡e| ZvB †K¬ wbev©Pb Kivi c~‡e© Gi cvwb †kvlb ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© fvjfv‡e †R‡b †bqv Aek¨K|

Avevi wKQz wKQz cøvw÷K †K¬ i‡q‡Q G‡`i Øviv ûBj †n‡Wi Dci KvR Kiv KwVb| KviY †K¬i `jv ev jv¤ú‡K ‡MvRvK…wZ Kivi mgq Gi k³ cvk¦© (÷xc mvBW) Kg cvwb †kvlb K‡i| G‡Z cUvi‡K KvR Ki‡Z cÖPÛ kw³i `iKvi nq| d‡j cUvi K¬všÍ n‡q hvq| GB RvZxq †K¬ Øviv KvR Ki‡j cUv‡ii gv‡mj I R‡q‡›U AvNvZ †c‡q _v‡K|

cøvw÷K †K¬ †Kvm© g¨v‡Uwihvj aviYKvwi †K¬ (†hgb dvqvi †K¬ ev MÖM ) A‡cÿv  Kg cvwb †kvlb K‡i| KviY †Kvm© g¨v‡Uwiqvj aviYKvwi ‡K¬ evwni cvk¦©© Db¥y³ _v‡K| d‡j G‡Z wbwe©‡Nœ cvwb cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GKwU DËg gv‡bi †_ªvBs †K¬i AvVvjZv, kw³ Ges cvwb †kvl‡Yi g‡a¨ Aek¨B fvimvg¨ _vKv evÃwbq|

mwVK †K¬ wbev©Pb

cUvixi `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z mwVK †K¬ wbev©Pb Kiv GKwU AwZe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wKQz wKQz ‡K¬ i‡q‡Q ‡h¸‡jv †_ªvBs K‡i `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Dc‡hvMx bq| G RvZxh ‡K¬ Øviv `ÿ cUviivI `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi Giƒc †K¬ Øviv hw` KvD‡K Ab¨‡`i `ÿZv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z †`qv nq Zvn‡j Zviv ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB Aeg~j¨vwqZ n‡e| KviY Zviv Abyc‡hvMx †K¬ Øviv KvR Ki‡Q| GUv g~j¨vwqZ e¨vw³‡`i Rb¨ cxov `vqK| ZvB ejv hvq DËg gv‡bi `ª‡e¨i Rb¨ DËg †K¬ cÖ‡qvRb| †K¬ wbe©vP‡b Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y welq nj Drcbœ `ªe¨ KZ ZvcgvÎvi mxgvq †cvov‡bv n‡e Ges Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i cÖZ¨vwkZ Kvjvi|

‡Køi KwbKvi c„ô‡`k, ‰KwkK bvjx Ges KwbKv¸‡jvi Abyi g‡a¨ g‡a¨ †h cvwb Ae¯’vb K‡i H cvwb‡KB g‡qðvi e‡j| †Kø‡Z Gi cwigvb ev gvÎv‡KB g‡qðvi Kb‡U›U e‡j| G‡K kZKiv nv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| GB cvwb 120 wWMÖx †mw›Uª‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq AcmvwiZ n‡q hvq| cUvix †K¬ ev †_ªvBs †K¬ †Z wK cwigvb g‡qðvi ev cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb Zv mywbw©©`©ó fv‡e ejv m¤¢e bq| KviY †K¬‡Z wK  cwigvb cvwbi cÖ‡hvRb Zv Gi ¸Yvewji Dci wbf©i K‡i | me gvwU ev †K¬i cvwbi †kvlY ÿgZv GK iKg bq | †Kvb †K¬ cvwb Kg †kvlY K‡i Avevi †Kvb †K¬ †ewk †kvlY K‡i| †h †K¬i g‡a¨ AvVvjZv wenxb KuvPvgvj AwaK cwigv‡b we`¨gvb _v‡K , †h me †K¬i KwbKvi AvKvi Lye m~ÿ G‡`i cvwb †kvlb ÿgZv Kg _v‡K|

Z‡e ¯^vfvweK fv‡e g‡qðv‡ii cwigvb 18%-22% Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| ev¯ÍweK c‡ÿ †K¬‡Z g‡qðv‡ii cwigvb cUv‡ii `xN© AwfÁZvi Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i _v‡K|

‡K¬i cÖKvi †f`:

cUvixi `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi †K¬ ev gvwU e¨eüZ  n‡q _v‡K| gvwUi ‰ewkó I G‡`i c~Y©ZvcÖvß ZvcgvÎv ( Maturing temperature) A_v©r m‡e©v”P KZ ZvcgvÎvq †cvov‡j `ªe¨ mev©waK KvwVb¨Zv I ¯’vwqZ¡ i~c jvf Ki‡e BZ¨vw` wel‡hi Dci wfwË K‡i G‡`i †kÖYx wefvM Kiv nq| †m Abymv‡i cUvix wk‡í eûj fv‡e e¨en~Z †K¬ ¸‡jv‡K cvuP †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq | †m¸‡jv nj- Avi‡`b Iq¨vi †K¬ ev mvaviY cUvix †K¬¬, †÷vb Iq¨vi †K¬ ,ej †K¬,dvqvi †K¬ I †cviwmwjb †K¬ ev †KIwjb|

Gme †K¬ ¸‡jv evwbwR¨K fv‡e Av`ª Ae¯’vq e¨envi Dc‡hvMx iƒ‡c cvIqv hvq|GKvwaK ﮋ †K¬ I Abvb¨ mshy³ e¯‘i ( Additives ) mv‡_ cvwb †hvM K‡i Kvw•LZ †K¬ ewW ‰Zwi Kiv nq| Avevi KLbI KLbI ïaygvÎ GKwU gvÎ †K¬ ØvivI ˆZwi Kiv nq|

Avi‡`b Iq¨vi †K¬ :

Avi‡`b Iq¨vi †K¬ mev©‡cÿv cÖvPxb †K¬ | Bnv cÖK…wZ‡Z eûj cwigv‡b cvIqv hvq| Bnvi KwbKv ¸‡jv AwZ m~ÿ n‡q _v‡K| GB ¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z AvVv‡jv cÖK…wZi| KLbI KLbI Giv w÷wK nq| Avi‡`b Iq¨vi †K¬‡Z Avqib,evwj ev m~ÿcv_i KzwP Ges Ac`ªe¨ wgbvivj  _v‡K| GB †K¬ 950 ^oc †_‡K 1100 ^oc ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ c~Y©Zv cÖvß nq| Ges m‡e©v”P k³ n‡q _v‡K|

Av`ª Avi‡`b Iq¨vi †K¬ ¸‡jvi is jvj, Kgjv, njy` ev nvjKv a~mi is Gi nq| †cvov‡bv Avi‡`b Iq¨vi ev`vgx, jvj, Kgjv, evd I wgwWqvg a~mi Kvjvi n‡q _v‡K| `ª‡e¨i †cvov‡bv Kvjvi wbf©i K‡i ‡K¬‡Z we`¨gvb Ac`ªe¨ wgbvivj Ges †cvov‡bvi ai‡bi Dci| ‡Uiv‡KvUv mev©waK RbwcÖq GK ai‡Yi Avi‡`b Iq¨vi|     

†÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ :

‡÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ Avi‡`b Ih¨vi †K¬i b¨vq e¨vcK fv‡e cÖK…wZ‡Z cvIqv hvq bv| GB †K¬i KwbKv¸‡jv A‡cÿvK…Z ‡Kvm© ev †gvUv n‡h _v‡K| GB †K¬¸‡jvI AwaKZi AvUv‡jv nq| Av`ª Ae¯’vq G¸‡jv cÖvq a~mi ev †MÖ Kvjv‡ii nq| G†`i †cvov‡bv Kvjvi evd ev nvjKv a~mi e‡Y©i| †÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ †_‡K †Zwi `ª‡e¨i Kvjvi ‡cvov‡bvi aiY Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| Giv A‡cÿvK…Z D”P ZvcgvÎvq c~Y©ZvcÖvß nq| †÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ `yB ai†bi h_v-

·        ga¨g ZvcgvÎvi †÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ : GB RvZxq †K¬ 1160 ^oc ‡_‡K 1225 ^oc ZvcgvÎvq c~Y©ZvcÖvß nq| A_v©r G‡`i †Kvb bs- 4 (cone no-4) ‡_‡K †Kvb bs -5 (cone no-5) GB ZvcgvÎvi mxgvi g‡a¨ GB †K¬ †_‡K ˆZwi Kiv `ªe¨vw` †cvov‡bv nq|

·        D”P ZvcgvÎvi †÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ : GB RvZxq †K¬ 1200 ^oc - 1300 ^oc ZvcgvÎvi mxgvi g‡a¨ †cvov‡bv hvq| G‡`i †Kvb& bs-8 †Kvb& bs-11 GB ZvcgvÎvi mxgvi †cvov‡bv n‡q _v‡K|

ej †K¬ :

ej †K¬ GKwU AwaK AvVvjZv m¤úbœ †K¬ | GB †K¬i KwbKv ¸‡jv AwZ m~ÿ| GB †K¬‡Z Ac`ªe¨ wnmv‡e A‡bK wgbvivj I ˆRe c`v_© wgwkÖZ _v‡K| Av`ª Ae¯’vq G‡`i eY© Mvp a~mi nq| 1300 ^oc ZvcgvÎvq GB RvZxq †K¬ c~Y©ZvcÖvß nq| †cvov‡bv Ae¯’vq G‡`i eY© nvjKv a~mi ev nvjKv evd e‡Y©i nq| ej †K¬i me‡P‡q Amyweav nj Giv GKK fv‡e e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx bq| KviY G‡`i ﮋ I †cvov‡bv ms‡KvPb LyeB †ewk| Abvb¨ †K¬i Kv‡hv©c‡hvMxZv I AvVvjZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ ej †K¬ e¨envi nq|

dvqvi †K¬ :

dvqvi †K¬i ˆewkó¨ e¨vcK fv‡e cwieZ©bkxj | GB †K¬¸‡jvi dvqvwis mxgv D”P| Bnv GB †K¬i we‡kl ˆewkó¨| Giv 1500 ^oc ZvcgvÎvq c~Y©ZvcÖvß nq| Abvb¨ wgbvivj Ac`ªe¨ GB †K¬‡Z A‡cÿvK…Zfv‡e Kg _v‡K| GB †K¬ e¨envi K‡i ‰Zwi †cvov‡bv `ª‡e¨i c„ô‡`‡k Avqib ¯úU cwijwÿZ nq|

dvqvi †K¬ cÖvqB †÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ ewW‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq ewWi c~Y©ZvcÖvß ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ges †cvov‡bv `ª‡e¨i c„ô‡`k mvgvb¨  AgwkÖY Kivi Rb¨| GB Ae¯’vq `ª‡e¨i  DcwifvM ch©‡eÿb Ki‡j `ª‡e¨i c„ô‡`‡k †QvU †QvU `uv‡Zi gZ g‡b n‡e| GB †K¬ dz‡qj dvqviW wKj‡b& †Kvb& (cone) Gi c¨vK ¯øv‡e, `ªe¨ ev Zv‡Ki mv‡cvU© wnmv‡e Ges `iRv wmj Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

†KIwjb ev †cviwmwjb †K¬ :

GB †K¬ Abvb¨ †K¬i †P‡q weï×| G Kvi‡Y †KIwjb †cviwmwjb ewW‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| Av`ª Ae¯’vq Bnv nvjKv a~mi ev evd ev cÖvq mv`v ev mv`v e‡Y©i nq| †KIwjb Abvb¨ †K¬i b¨vq AvUvj bv nIqvi  Kvi‡Y G‡K GKK fv‡e e¨envi K‡i KvR Kiv KwVb| ZvB G ‡K¬i mv‡_ Abvb¨ †K¬ wgwkÖZ K‡i Gi Kv‡hv©c†hvwMZv e„w× Ges †cvov‡bvi ZvcgvÎv n«vm Kiv nq| weï× †KIwjb 1800 ^oc ZvcgvÎvq c~Y©ZvcÖvß nq| ‡ewki fvM †cviwmwjb ewWB †KIwjb I ej †K¬ wgwkÖZ K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq|

Avqib A·vBW

cUvwi wk‡í Avqib A·vBW GKwU AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© eY©`vqx KvuPvgvj| Bnv wewfbœ e‡Y©i n‡q _v‡K| wmivwgK ewW‡K eY©`vqx Kivi Rb¨ Bnv e¨envi Kiv nq| Avqib A·vBW mvavibZ wZb e‡Y©i n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡jv- †iW Avqib A·vBW, e­¨vK Avqib A·vBW I B‡q‡jv Avqib A·vBW| Avqib A·vBW g~jZ avZe Avqi‡bi mv‡_ Aw·‡Rb mn‡hv‡M MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|

wmivwgK wk‡í ewW Ges †M­‡R †iW Avqib A·vBW e¨envi Kiv nq| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î e­¨vK Avqib A·vBW I e¨envi Kiv nq| B‡q‡jv ev njy` Avqib A·vBW Gi KwYKv¸‡jv AZ¨š— wgwn n‡q _v‡K| GRb¨ Gi eY© cwieZ©bkxj| mvavibZ evRv‡i G‡`i cvDWvi AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq| e‡Y©i gvÎv Abyhvqx ewW ev †M­‡R G‡`i cwigvb wba©viY Kiv nq|

†K¬ cÖ¯‘wZ

cUvwi ˆZixi cÖavb KvuPvgvj †K¬| `ª‡e¨i cÖK…wZ, cÖKvi I †cvov‡bvi ZvcgvÎv‡f‡` GB gvwU wbe©vPb Kiv nq| gvwU ev †K¬ wbe©vPb Kivi ci cÖavb KvR n‡jv †K¬ msMÖn Kiv| cÖK…wZ †_‡K msMÖn nIqvi Kvi‡Y Gi mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi Ac`ªe¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- MvQ-MvQivi g~j, cv_i KYv, wMÖU, LoKzUv BZ¨vw`| gvwU msMÖn Kivi ci nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨, Pvjybx w`‡q Gme Ac`ªe¨ ev ¶wZKviK c`v_© AcmviY K‡i wbb| AZtci †ejPv ev †Kv`vj w`‡q wba©vwiZ cwigvY †K¬ ¯‘c Kiæb| gvwU ïKbv n‡j cv_iLÛ w`‡q wc‡l wgwn K‡i wbb| GLb Pvjybx w`‡q ¸ov Kiv gvwU †P‡j wb‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z gvwU‡Z †Kvb cv_iKbv, †gvUv KwYKvi gvwU KYv, Mv‡Qi g~j BZ¨vw` c„_K n‡q hvq| gqjv I Ac`ªe¨ `~i Kivi ci cÖ‡qvRbgZ ¸iv Kiv gvwU wb‡q G‡K e„ËvKvi †e‡Wi gZ K‡i Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| AZtci †e‡Wi gvSLv‡b MZ© K‡i Gi g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRbgZ cvwb Xvjyb| wKQz¶b ci cvk †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i gvwU M‡Z©i g‡a¨ w`‡q M‡Z©i †K›`ª ch©šÍ P‡j Avmyb| Avgv‡`i †`‡k g¨vbyqvwj ev nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ †hfv‡e evwj I wm‡g‡›Ui wgkª‡Y cvwb †hvM Kiv nq wVK †mfv‡e cvwb †hvM Kiæb| cvwb †hvM Kiv n‡q †M‡j wgkªY A‡bKUv †c÷ ev KvB‡qi gZ n‡e| G Ae¯’vq gvwUi cwigvY Kg n‡j nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ `wjZ-gw_Z K‡i c~Y© KvB ev †c‡÷ cwibZ Kiæb| G‡Z  wgkªY A‡bKUv †c÷ ev KvB‡qi gZ n‡e| Avi gvwUi cwigvY †ewk n‡j cv Øviv `wjZ-gw_Z Kiæb| G †¶‡Î cv‡q eyU RyZv e¨envi Kiæb| bZzev cv_i KYv, wMÖU ev Ab¨vb¨ ¶wZKi c`v‡_©i Øviv cv †K‡U †h‡Z cv‡i ev cv‡qi Zjvq weu‡a †h‡Z cv‡i| cwic~Y© †c÷ ev KvB ˆZwi nIqvi ci †c÷ ev KvB‡K GwRs K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖK…wZ‡Z †K¬ †fRv ev wm³ Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq| Giƒc Ae¯’vq †K¬ cvIqv †M‡j Gi mv‡_ cvwb †hvM Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G RvZxq †K¬ msMÖn K‡i wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b gRyZ Kiv nq| †mLvb †_‡K †K¬ msMÖn K‡i wbwWs K‡i †K¬ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| wbwWs nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Kiv nq| wbwWs Kv‡j cv_iKYv, wMÖU ev Ab¨vb¨ ¶wZKviK c`v_© `~i Ki‡Z nq| AZtci gvwU `ªe¨ ˆZixi Dc‡hvMx nq| †K¬ c`v_© wm³ n‡j G‡K GwRs Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| eis wbwWs Kivi ci †K¬ Øviv `ªe¨ ˆZix Kiv hvq|

†mjd †PK 3. 2-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| †K¬ ej‡Z wK eySvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| AvVvjZv ej‡Z wK eySvq ? 

cÖkœ 3| †K¬-i kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kb ?

cÖkœ 4| gvwUi cÖKvi‡f`  D‡j­L Ki“b ?

cÖkœ 5| AwaK cvwb †kvlY ¶gZvi AwaKvix †K¬-i Amyweav wjLyb ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

K| AvVvjZv m¤cbœ †K¬ B”Qvbyhvqx AvKvi cÖ`vb Kiv hvqbv |

L| `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kvjxb mg‡q kw³ cvIqvi Rb¨ †K¬ ewW‡Z wKQz cwigvY †gvUv ev †Kvm© KwbKv _vKv  DwPr|

M| weï× †KIwjb 1200 ^oc ZvcgvÎvq c~Y©Zv cÖvß nq|

N| †÷vbIq¨vi †K¬ `yB ai‡bi|

O| Ab¨vb¨ †K¬-i Kv‡h©vc‡hvMxZv I AvVvjZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ ej †K¬ e¨envi Kiv nq|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Kiæb -

 K| Avi‡`b Iq¨vi †K¬ -------- †_‡K ---------- ZvcgvÎvq c~Y©Zv cÖvß nq|

 L| ej †K¬ GKwU ---------- AvVvjZv m¤cbœ †K¬|

 M| †KIwjb ev Pvqbv †K¬ Ab¨vb¨ †K¬-i †P‡q -----------|

 N| †_ªvBs †K¬ ewW‡Z -------- †_‡K -------- Gi AwaK †gvUv ev †Kvm© MÖM _vKv DwPZ bq|

 O| dvqvi †K¬ ----------- ZvcgvÎvq c~Y©Zv cÖvß nq|

DËicÎ 3.2-1

DËi-1 

gvwU ev †K¬  nj GKwU A‰Re ‡hŠwMK c`v_©, hvi  mv‡_ cvwb †hvM Ki‡j AvVv‡jv nq, B”Qvbyhvqx AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq , ïKv‡j kw³ AR©b K‡i Ges †cvov‡j ¯’vqx iƒc jvf K‡i Dnv‡KB gvwU ev †K¬ e‡j|

DËi-2

AvVvjZv gvwU ev †K¬i GgbB GKwU ¸Y hvi d‡j gvwU‡K B”Qv Abyhvqx AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq| Ges AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi ci Dnv AvK…wZ †`qv `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

DËi-3

`ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kvjxb mg‡q Dnvi AvK…wZ a‡i ivL‡Z †K¬-i kw³ cÖ‡qvRb nq|

DËi- 4

gvwUi cÖKvi‡f` wbæiƒc -

        1| Avi‡`b Iq¨vi †K¬|

        2| †÷vbIq¨vi †K¬|

        3| Pvqbv †K¬|

        4| dvqvi †K¬|

        5| ej †K¬|

DËi- 5

AwaK cvwb †kvlY ¶gZvi AwaKvix †K¬ Øviv `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡j `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ a‡i ivLv KwVb n‡e|

DËi- mZ¨/ wg_¨v

K| wg

L| m

M| wg

N| m

O| m

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb cyiY

K| 950 ^oc, 1100 ^oc

L| AwaK

M| weï×     

N| 8%, 10%

O| 1500 ^oc

m~PxcÎ

wkLbdj 3: †K¬ †K GwRs KiY

welqe¯‘

1| †K¬ †K nvZ Øviv h_vh_fv‡e wbwWs Kiv|

2| c~e©wba©vwiZ c×wZ Abymv‡i †K¬ GwRs Kivi Rb¨ msi¶Y Kiv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| †K¬ †K nvZ Øviv h_vh_fv‡e wbwWs Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| GwRs cÖwµqv h_vh_fv‡e m¤cbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| GwRs mwVKfv‡e m¤cbœ  n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vewj

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e -

·        †W¤c e·

·        †Uwej

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj: †K¬ †K GwRs KiY

Bbdi‡gkb wkU 3.3-1

‡Kø †K GwRs KiY

GwRs

†h cÖwµqvq †K¬-i AvVvjZv e„w× K‡i Dnv‡K h_vh_ Kv‡h©vc‡hvMxZvq Avbqb Kiv nq Zv‡K GwRs e‡j| †K¬ ev gvwUi mv‡_ cvwb wgwkªZ K‡i †c÷ ev KvB‡q cwiYZ Kivi ci Dnv mivmwi `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Dc‡hvMx nq bv| `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ KvB ev †c÷ †K GKwU wbw`©ó mgqe¨vcx †X‡K ivLv nq hv‡Z K‡i gvwUi AvVvjZv e„w× cvq| d‡j †K¬ Øviv Kvw•LZ `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv mnRZi nq| cUvix †K¬ ev †_vBs †K¬i AvVvjZv Ges Kv‡hv©c‡hvMxZv e„w× Kivi GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc nj GwRs| G‡Z `xN© mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G mg‡q cvwb †K¬ KwbKv¸‡jvi †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i G‡`i g‡a¨ DËg Ges ¯’vqx eÜb m„wó K‡i|

GwRs Kv‡j †K¬i g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥vq| GB e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jv esk e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j w`‡b w`‡b G‡`i msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K| Giv †K¬‡Z GwmW I †Rj Drcbœ K‡i Ges GbRvBg Z¨vM K‡i hv †K¬ KwbKv‡K †f‡½ ÿz`ªZi Kbvq cwiYZ K‡i| d‡j AvVvjZv e„w× cvq| A_v©r AvVvjZv e„wׇZ e¨vK‡Uwiqvi h‡_ô cÖfve i‡q‡Q| ‡Kvb †Kvb cUviiv GwRs Kivi Rb¨ ‡K¬i mv‡_ ‰Re c`v_© e¨envi K‡i| ‡hgb- wf‡bMvi, jvj g` I weqvi| GB cÖwµqvq `yB mßv‡ni g‡a¨ †K¬i Kvw•LZ gv‡bi GwRs m¤úbœ nq|

GwRs †K¬ ewW‡K DËg Kv‡hv©c‡hvwMZv Avbq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| †K¬ †K GwRs Ki‡Z G‡K wgw·s Gi c‡i ev †X‡K ivLvi c~‡e© GKw`b ev `yBw`b Db¥y³ evZv‡m †i‡L w`‡Z nq| G†Z †K¬i g‡a¨ AbyRxe ev e¨vK‡Uwiqv cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges bZzb fv‡e †K¬‡Z AbyRxe Rb¥vq|

GB AbyRxe¸wj ˆRe cwjgvi ˆZwi K‡i hv ‡K¬‡Z AwaK cwigv‡b AvVv‡jvZv w`‡q _v‡K| AwZgvÎvq m~ÿ KwbKv wewkó †K¬ e¨envi K‡i †Kvb Amyweav QvovB GwRs ‡K¬i b¨vq AvVv‡jvZv AR©b Kiv hvq| GwRs Kiv †K¬i GKwU Amyweav i‡q‡Q| Avi Zv nj †h Bnv †mvqvg Kv`vi gZ msKzwPZ nq|

A‡bK cUviiv Zv‡`i †K¬ e¨envi Kivi c~‡e© †K¬ GK †_‡K Qq gvm gRy` K‡i iv‡L| hv‡Z G‡Z AbyRx‡ei K‡jvbx m„wó nq| ‡hme †K¬i g‡a¨ ‡bwdwjb mvqvbvBU _v‡K G‡`i wZb gv‡mi AwaK gRyZ K‡i ivLv DwPZ bq| KviY G‡Z †K¬i KwbKv AvqbvB‡Rkb nIqvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|

†mjd †PK 3.3-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| GwRs ej‡Z wK eySvq ?

cÖkœ 2| †K¬ wKfv‡e GwRs nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 3| GwRs Kv‡j †K¬ †Z wK wK Drcbœ nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 4| †b‡dwjb mvqvbvBU hy³ †K¬ `xN© mgq GwRs Kivi Amyweav wjLyb ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

K| GwRs Kiv nq †K¬-i AvVvjZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨|

L| AvVvjZv e„wׇZ GwRs Gi h‡_ó cÖfve i‡q‡Q |

M| GwRs Kv‡j †K¬-i g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥vq|

N| GwRs Kivi c~‡e© †K¬-‡K GKw`b ev `yBw`b †X‡K ivL‡Z nq|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Kiæb-

K| GwRs Kv‡j cvwb †K¬ KwYKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i G‡`i g‡a¨ ------------ Ges -------------      eÜb m„wó K‡i|

L| †Kvb †Kvb cUviiv GwRs Kivi Rb¨ †K¬-i mv‡_ -------------- c`v_© e¨envi K‡i|

M| GB AYyRxe¸‡jv ˆRe ------------ ˆZwi K‡i|

N| Bnv ----------- Kv`vi gZ msKzwPZ nq|

DËicÎ 3.3-1

DËi-1 

†h cÖwµqvq †K¬-i AvVvjZv e„w× K‡i Dnv‡K h_vh_ Kv‡h©vc‡hvMxZvq Avbqb Kiv nq Zv‡K GwRs e‡j|

DËi-2

†K¬ ev gvwUi mv‡_ cvwb wgwkªZ K‡i †c÷ ev KvB‡q cwibZ Kivi ci Dnv mivmwi `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Dc‡hvMx nq bv| `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ KvB ev †c÷ †K GKwU wbw`©ó mgqe¨vcx †X‡K ivLv nq hv‡Z K‡i gvwUi AvVvjZv e„w× cvq|

DËi-3

GwRs Kv‡j †K¬i g‡a¨ e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥vq| GB e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jv esk e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j w`‡b w`‡b G‡`i msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K| Giv †K¬‡Z GwmW I †Rj Drcbœ K‡i Ges GbRvBg Z¨vM K‡i hv †K¬ KwbKv‡K †f‡½ ÿz`ªZi Kbvq cwiYZ K‡i|

DËi- 4

‡hme †K¬i g‡a¨ ‡bwdwjb mvqvbvBU _v‡K G‡`i wZb gv‡mi AwaK gRyZ K‡i ivLv DwPZ bq| KviY G‡Z †K¬i KwbKv AvqbvB‡Rkb nIqvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|

DËi- mZ¨/ wg_¨v

K| wg

L| m

M| m

N| wg

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb

K| DËg, ¯’vqx

L| ‰Re

M| cwjgvi     

N| †mvqvg

m~PxcÎ

wkLbdj 4: ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyqvqx cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

welqe¯‘

1| cUvim ûB‡j `ªe¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ e¨eüZ DcKiY mbv³KiY I Zvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv|

2| cUvim ûB‡ji wewfbœ Ask mbv³KiY|

3| †K¬ I‡qwRs Kiv|

4| ûB‡j †K¬ †m›Uvwis Kiv|

5| ûBj †n‡Wi Dci `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv|

6| ûBj †nW †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Kiv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| cUvim ûB‡j `ªe¨ ˆZwii Rb¨ e¨eüZ DcKiY mbv³ Ki‡Z Ges Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| cUvim ûB‡ji wewfbœ Ask mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| †K¬ I‡qwRs Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4| ûB‡j †K¬ †m›Uvwis Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5| ûBj †n‡Wi Dci `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

6| ûBj †nW †_‡K `ªe¨ AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vewj

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e -

·        †K¬

·        cUvim ûBj

·        Uzjm

·        hš¿cvwZ

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj : ‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyqvqx cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb wkU 3.4-1

‡¯úwmwd‡Kkb Abyqvqx cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY

cUvim ûBj :

cUvim ûBj Ggb GKwU †gwkb hvi Øviv ivDÛ ev PµvKvi wmivwgK Iq¨vi †_ªvBs c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq|GQvovI Gi mvnv‡h¨ Avav ïKbv ev ïKbv `ª‡e¨i ewW †_‡K AwZwi³ ewW wUªwgs K‡i AcmviY Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| `ª‡e¨ †Lv`vB K‡i †W‡Kv‡ikb Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq| Ges `ª‡e¨i Mv‡q Kvjvi wis Ki‡ZI e¨envi Kiv nq|

Rvcv‡b 10 nvRvi eQi c~‡e© R¨vgb cUvix ïiæ n‡q wQj| AvR ch©šÍI †mLv‡b wd«n¨vÛ I ûB‡j  GB Dfq c×wZ‡Z cUvixi `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi n‡”Q| whï wLª‡÷i R‡b¥i 300 eQi c~‡e©i †g‡mvcwUqv I Pxb †`‡k cUvm© ûB‡ji wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| cÖvPxb GB PvK ev ûB‡ji wW¯‹¸‡jv wc‡fvU ev Av‡ji ev A‡ÿi Dci emv‡bv nZ Ges G‡`i nvZ Øviv Nyiv‡bv nZ |

cÖvPxbKv‡ji ûBj¸‡jv cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb GK ai‡bi ûBj ˆZwi Kiv nq| G RvZxq ûBj¸‡jv Kv‡Vi AeKvVv‡gv‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| ûB‡j `yBwU wW¯‹ _v‡K| wW¯‹ `yBwU GKwU avZe k¨vdU Øviv mshy³ _v‡K| wW¯‹¸‡jv avZz A_ev cv_‡ii n‡q _v‡K| k¨vdUwU weqvwis Gi g‡a¨ ¯’vwcZ _v‡K| Dc‡ii wW¯‹‡K ûBj †nW Ges wb‡Pi wW¯‹wU †K d¬vB ûBj e‡j| wb‡Pi wW¯‹wU cv‡qi mvnv‡h¨ av°v w`‡q †Nviv‡j Dc‡ii wW¯‹wUI Nyi‡Z _v‡K| GB N~Y©vqgvb wW¯‹ ev ûBj †n‡Wi DciB gvwU wb‡¶c K‡i `ªe¨vw`i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ûB‡ji MwZ wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi wW‡¯‹i mv‡_ †eªK mshy³ _v‡K|

AvaywbK hy‡Mi cUvim ûBj ga¨hyMxq ûB‡ji AvaywbK iƒc gvÎ| GB ûBj †Nvov‡bvi Rb¨ cv‡qi cwie‡Z© we`¨yr kw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq| ûB‡ji MwZ wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨ wMqvi e¨envi Kiv nq| Dc‡ii wW¯‹wU GKwU †ewmb Øviv †ewóZ _v‡K| †hb Kv`vhy³ cvwb kªwg‡Ki Mv‡q wQwU‡q co‡Z bv cv‡i|

‡_ªvBs :

†_ªvBs n‡”Q ‡K¬ ev gvwUi `ªe¨vw` AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi GKwU c×wZ| †_ªvBs kãwU cÖvPxb Bs‡iRx kã †_ªvIqvb (Thrawan) ‡_‡K D™¢‚Z| hvi A_© n‡”Q we`x©Y Kiv ev †Nviv‡bv| GB c×wZ‡Z N~Y©b‡hvM¨ ûBj †n‡Wi ‡K‡›`ªi Dci GKwU †K¬i ej ev jv¤ú ¯’vcb Kiv nq| AZci ûBj †nWwU GKwU jvwVi Øviv ev cv Øviv ev GKwU cwieZ©bkxj MwZi †gvUi Øviv  Nyiv‡bv nq| mvaviYZ cUvi ûB‡ji Dci †Kvb cU ev cvÎ ˆZwi Kivi wbwg‡Ë Gi Dci m¤úvw`Z mKj Kg©KvÛ‡K †_ªvBs e‡j| wKšÍ e¨vcK A‡_© ïaygvÎ ûBj †n‡Wi Dc‡ii Kg©KvÛB †_ª&vBs‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq |

eis wb¤œ wjwLZ avc ¸‡jv †_ªvBs‡qi AšÍf©z³|

     1| †m›Uvwis‡qi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ

     2| †K¬ I‡qR KiY

     3| ûB‡j †K¬ †m›Uvwis KiY

     4| †K¬ I‡cb ev Db¥y³ KiY

     5| †_ªvBs ev Iqvj DVv‡bv         

cUvim ûB‡j †K¬ †m›Uvwis Kivi c~‡e© KwZcq  c`‡ÿc †bqv DwPZ|GB cÖ¯‘wZ g~jK c`‡ÿ¸‡jv Avcbvi Kv‡R mdjZv e‡q Avb‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|

1| †Wª‡bR e¨e¯’v h_vh_fv‡e ¯’vcb KiæY :

KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv KvR Kivi mgq ev c‡i †h c_ w`‡q Kg©‡¶‡Îi K`©gv³ cvwb wb®ŒvšÍ nq †m c_ cwi®‹vi Kiv| hv‡Z Kv`vhy³ cvwbi ga¨w¯’Z †K¬ KwYKv R‡g c_ eÜ n‡q bv hvq| G Kvi‡Y ûBj †n‡Wi Dci †m›Uvwis Kivi c~‡e© Avcbv‡K h_vh_fv‡e †Wª‡bR e¨e¯’v cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

2| Avcbvi nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji bL KvUzb :

GUv Avcbvi Kv‡Q mvgvb¨ e¨vcvi g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍ GUv ev¯Íe mZ¨ †h Avcbvi Av½y‡ji bL¸‡jv bv KvU‡j †_ªvBs Kv‡j A‡bK m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v m„wó  Ki‡Z cv‡i| ûBj `ªæZ Nyivi mgq hw` Av½yj AmveavbZv ekZ  wbqg ewnf©‚Zfv‡e †KvbvK…wZ n‡q hvq Zvn‡j AvPo c‡i hv‡e| Ges b‡Li wfZi gvwU cÖ‡ek K‡i bL we`x©b n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|

3| Avcbvi Uzjm GKÎ KiæY :

Avcbvi †_ªvBs Uzjm ¸‡jv h_v¯’v‡b ivLyb hv‡Z Avcwb ûB‡j KvR Kivi mgq G‡`i mn‡RB bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ cvb|

·         `yB wjUvi cvwb ev ¯øvwi aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU cvÎ ev evjwZ Wvb nv‡Zi wbKU wbf©i‡hvM¨ ev wbivc` ¯’v‡b ivLyb| Avcbvi cvwb ev ¯øvwii cvÎwU ûBj †n‡Wi GZ wbK‡U ivLyb hv‡Z cvwb ev ¯øvwi e¨env‡ii mgq S‡i co‡Z bv cv‡i |

·        wfRv ¯cÄ I wdwbwms †j`vi ivLyb|

·        ûB‡ji cv‡k¦© AveR©bv I †¯Œc †K¬i Rb¨ GKwU evjwZ ivLyb|

·        †_ªvBs †k‡l nvZ I Uzjm cwi¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ ûB‡ji wbKU Ab¨ GKwU evjwZ ivLyb|

·        nv‡Zi Kv‡Q †eW¸‡jv cÖ¯‘yZ ivLyb|

·        hw` Avcwb cvwb ev ¯øvwi e¨envi K‡ib Zvn‡j †m¸‡jv bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ ivLyb|

4| ‡_ªvBs‡qi Rb¨ h_vh_ KvwVb¨Zvi †K¬ cÖ¯‘yZ KiY :

Avcbvi †K¬ †_ªvBs‡qi Rb¨ Dchy³ KvwV‡b¨i wKbv Zv †PK KiæY| ‡K¬ AwZgvÎvq ÷xc ev AwZgvÎvq big n‡j Gi Øviv KvR Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡KB Avcwb †K¬i w÷d‡b†mi i gvÎv wba©vib Kiæb |

‡K¬ AwZgvÎvq big n‡j Zv †Kbfvm ev cøv÷v‡ii e¨v‡Ui Dci I‡qwRs K‡i k³ ev I‡qwRs Kiv hvq| cøv÷vi e¨v‡Ui Dci KvR Av‡M wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gi †Kvb cøv÷v‡ii ay‡jv ev Kbv bv _v‡K |

†K¬ AwZ gvÎvq k³ (Stiff)  n‡j Bnv cvwbi g‡a¨ †WvevI AZci I‡qwRs †Uwe‡ji Dci †K¬‡K Qwo‡q Zvi Dci cvwb wQwU‡q `vI| Qov‡bv †K¬ wfZi w`‡K fvR Ki hv‡Z cvwb Øviv †ewóZ nq| †K¬‡Z cvwb cyivcywi bv wgkv ch©šÍ I‡qwRs Kiæb| hw` †K¬ Gi ciI k³ _v‡K Zvn‡j G‡KB Kv‡Ri cybive„wË Kiyb| †h ch©šÍ bv KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx nq|

5| mgmZ¡fv‡e †K¬ cÖ¯‘Z KiY :

DËg †_ªvBs Gi Rb¨ Avcbvi †K¬ †K Aek¨B mgmZ¡ K‡i ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hb †K¬ mwVKfv‡e Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ w÷d nq| †K¬ h_vh_fv‡e w÷d bv n‡j ˆZwi Kiv `ªe¨ ïKv‡bvi mgq GKB nv‡i ïKv‡e bv| d‡j `ªe¨ †d‡U †h‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ `ªe¨ ˆZwii †K¬ mgmZ¡fv‡e ˆZwi KiæY| hv‡Z †K¬ mwVKfv‡e w÷d nq|

6| †K¬ evZvm gy³ KiY :

†K¬ evZvm gy³ bv n‡j G‡K ûB‡j †m›Uvwis Ges †_ªvBs Ki‡Z mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡e| G‡Z cÖvq mgqB we­wes Gi KviY n‡q `vuovq| d‡j dvqvwisKv‡j `ªe¨ wKj‡b we`xY© n‡q hv‡e| ZvB `ªe¨‡K wbivc‡` †_ªvBs I †cvov‡Z †K¬-i Gqvi c‡KU `~i Ki‡Z nq| I‡qwRs K‡i Gqvi c‡KU `~i Kiv hvq| ZvQvov wW-Gqvwis cvwMs K‡i G KvR DËgiƒ‡c m¤cbœ Kiv hvq| Gqvi c‡KU¸‡jv Lye †QvU †QvU ey`ey‡`i b¨vq| Giv †K¬i gm„Y c„‡ôi Dci Db¥y³ _vK‡Z cv‡i A_ev †K¬i g‡a¨ e× Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| †K¬ †K DËgiƒ‡c I‡qwRs K‡i ey`ey`gy³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †K¬ `xN©mgq cvwbi wb‡P _vK‡j G‡`i cybivq cÖ‡mwms K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

†K¬ I‡qwRs KiY :

cUvwi `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ ‡h me cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq I‡qwRs Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| I‡qwRs‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj †K¬‡K mgmZ¡fv‡e w÷d Kiv Ges  Gqvi c‡KU `~i  Kiv| I‡qwRs Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU c×wZ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv nj-

1| KvUv I P‡cUvNvZ c×wZ   2| wmwjÛvi I‡qwRs c×wZ  3| †Kvb& (cone) I‡qwRs c×wZ

me I‡qwRs c×wZ‡ZB †K¬ cøv÷vi e¨vU ev †Kbfvm c„‡ôi Dci Ki‡Z n‡e| `vwo‡q I‡qwRs Kiv DËg G‡Z KvR Kiv mnRZi nq|

1| KvUv I P‡cUvNvZ c×wZ  :

GB c×wZ‡Z I‡qwRs Ki‡j †K¬i g‡a¨ Gqvi c‡KU hy³ nq bv| †h mKj cUv‡ii gv‡mj ev nv‡Zi R‡q‡›U mgm¨v i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i Rb¨ GB c×wZ Dc‡hvMx| KviY wmwjÛvi I †Kvb& c×wZ‡Z nvZ I Kwâ‡Z Pvc c‡i| KvUv I P‡cUvNvZ c×wZ‡Z GK cvDÛ ev wZb cvDÛ IR‡bi †K¬ jv¤ú‡K gvS eivei †K‡U `yBfvM K‡i c„_K Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici GK As‡ki Dci Aci Ask m‡Rv‡i AvNvZ  ev P‡cUvNvZ K‡i GKÎ Ki‡Z n‡e | GB KvR GKvwaKevi Ki‡Z n‡e|

2| †Kvb& I‡qwRs c×wZ:

‡Kvb& I‡qwRs wbwWs Kivi b¨vq GKwU c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z GKev‡i `k cvDÛ ch©šÍ †K¬ I‡qwRs Kiv hvq| Z‡e hw` †K¬ I‡qRKvwii Kwâ Lye gReyZ nq †m‡ÿ‡Î wek cvDÛ ch©šÍ I‡qR Kiv hvq| GB c×wZ‡Z wmwjwÛªK¨vj c×wZi †P‡q `ªæZZg mg‡q Kiv hvq| Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î †gŠwjK `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

†Kvb& c×wZ‡Z wKfv‡e †K¬ I‡qR Kiv nq:

(K) †K¬ ej ˆZwi KiY :

†Kø ‡K mgmZ¡ Ges Gqvi c‡KU gy³ Kivi Rb¨ I‡hwRs Kiv nq| †Kvb& I‡qwRs †K¬ ¯úvBivj cÖwµqvq K‡¤ú± nq Ges †K¬‡K †Kvb&  AvK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K GR‡b¨ Gu‡K ‡Kvb& c×wZ e‡j| †ewki fvM cUviiv GB c×wZ cQ›` K‡i| GB c×wZ‡Z I‡qwRs Kivi cÖ_g KvR nj †K¬‡K ej AvKv‡i cwiYZ Kiv |

(L) †Kvb& I‡qwRs Gi cÖ_g avc :

†Kbfvm ev cøv÷vi ¯øv‡ei Dci Avcbvi †K¬ ejwU ¯’vcb Kiæb| hw` BwZg‡a¨ Avcwb Gu‡K ‡Kvb& AvK…wZ w`‡q _vKzb Zvn‡ j †Kv‡b&i miæ ev †QvU cÖvšÍ Wvb w`‡K Ges cyiæ ev †gvU cÖvšÍ evg w`‡K ivLyb| Avcbvi Wvb nvZ †K¬i Wvb cÖv‡šÍ Ges evg nvZ evg cÖv‡šÍ ivLyb|

GLb evg nvZ †Uwe‡ji mv‡_ Lvovfv‡e _vK‡e| Wvb nv‡Z wb‡Pi w`‡K av°v w`b| Avcbvi KvQ †_‡K †K¬ wa‡i wa‡i mwi‡q Avbyb| †K¬ †Kv‡b&i Wvb w`K n‡Z cÖwZ av°vq 1 Bw ev 2 Bw K‡i m‡i Avm‡e|

(M) †Kvb& I‡qwRs Gi wØZxq avc :

evg nvZ w`‡q †K¬‡K Avcbvi wbKU G‡b wc‡l †djyb hv‡Z cÖ_g  av‡ci †P‡q Bnv `vov‡bv Ae¯’vq GK ev `yB Bw j¤^v †K¬ †j‡Ri m„wó nq| evg nvZ w`‡q mvgvb¨ cwigvb DaŸ©gyLx Ges wb¤œgyLx Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i †K¬‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K wb‡q Avmyb| Z‡e Av‡Mi av‡c Wvb nv‡Z †h cwigvb Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb Zvi †P‡q Kg Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv DwPZ| Avcbvi evg nvZ Øviv ‡K¬ †iv‡ji miæ cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K cvKv‡Z _vKzb| G‡Z †Kv‡b&i g~j AMÖfvM evg w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡e| cwi‡k‡l †Kv‡b&i AMÖfvM‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K fvRK‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

avc GK Ges `yB †K  20 †_‡K 50 evi cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e †h ch©šÍ bv †K¬ cyivcywi fv‡e mgmZ¡ I Gqvi c‡KU gy³ nq|

(N)I‡qwRs Kv‡j †Kvb& Gi Aeqe :

wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q †h GB gvÎ ‡h †K¬ Øviv Avcwb KvR Ki‡Qb Zvi miæ AMÖfvM hv †j‡Ri b¨vq †`Lv‡”Q Zv Avcbvi w`‡K gyL K‡i Av‡Q| †Kvb&wU Gi cÖv‡šÍi Dci Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| hv ciewZ© `yB av‡ci  Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡q‡Q|  

wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q †K¬ †iv‡ji c~‡e©i miæcÖvšÍ ev †j‡Ri K‡¤úªm‡bi `vM ev wPý †Kv‡bi Zj‡`‡ki Wvb cÖv‡šÍ| Avi †Kv‡b&i  †Mvovi evg w`‡K ¯úvBivj ev †cPv‡bv †`Lv hv‡”Q|

(O)†Kv‡b&i Zj‡`‡ki AvK…wZ w`b :

Avcwb I‡qwRs m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e GLbI †K¬i †Mvovi w`‡K I‡qwRs Kv‡ji N~wY© cv‡Ki cÖfve cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| GUv I‡qwRs Kv ‡j †K¬ †cPv‡bvi Kvi‡Y n‡q _v‡K| Avcwb hw` ‡K¬i GB N~wY©cvK ev LvR `~i bv K‡i †K¬ †hfv‡e Av‡Q †mfv‡eB ¯’vcb K‡ib Zvn‡j †K¬ Ges e¨v‡Ui g‡a¨ Gqvi †c‡KU ˆZwi n‡e| †Kv‡b&i Zj‡`‡ki cÖv‡šÍi Pvwiw`‡K `„pfv‡e AvNvZ K‡i Gi Zj‡`k †MvjvKvi K‡i LvR `~i Kiyb| GB nj †Kvb- I‡qRW c×wZ‡Z †K¬ cÖ¯‘wZ

(P)PzovšÍfv‡e †Kvb&-I‡qwRs ‡K¬ cÖ¯‘Z KiY:

 Bnv GLb †_ªvBs ev nv‡Z `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| PzovšÍ fv‡e Bnv Zj‡`‡ki Dci ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †K¬ †ivj‡K Gi  evg-cv‡k¦©i Dci ¯’vcb K‡i I‡qR Kiv n‡q‡Q| AZci  †K¬ †iv‡ji N~wY©evZ ev LvR `~i K‡i PzovšÍ fv‡e AvK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e |

cUvm© ûB‡j Dci h_vh_ fv‡e †m›Uvwis KiY:

1| e¨v‡Ui Dci m‡Rv‡i †K¬ wb‡ÿc KiY:

‡K¬ ˆZwi nIhvi ci Bnv‡K †_ªvBs‡qi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘yZ Kiyb| cieZx© avc nj G‡K cUv©m ûB‡ji Dci †m›Uvi Kiv| †Kvb †Kvb cUviiv mivmwi ûBj †n‡Wi Dci KvR K‡i wKš‘ †ewki fvMB e¨vU e¨envi K‡i| Aí cwigvb †K¬-i Rb¨ ev †ÿ‡Î Avcwb mvaviY fv‡e †K¬ ej ev †K¬ †Kvb& e¨v‡Ui Dci hZ`~i m¤¢e †m›Uvi c‡q‡›Ui Kv‡Q G‡b  mk‡ã wb‡ÿc KiæY| †K¬ ej‡K Pvcwo‡q Bnv †_ªvBs mvi‡d‡mi mv‡_ mshy³ KiæY| GKv‡R nv‡Zi Av½yj e¨envi bv K‡i nv‡Zi Zvjy e¨envi KiæY|

†K¬i cwigvb †ewk n‡j ûBj †n‡Wi Dci m‡Rv‡i wb‡ÿc Kivi ci nvZ Øviv g„`y AvNvZ K‡i gvSLv‡b wb‡q Avmyb| †K¬‡K wfRv‡bvi c~‡e© Ges †m›Uvwis Kivi ïiæ‡Z G KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| G KvR Ki‡Z Dfq nvZ‡K †K¬ ev gvwUi `jvi cvk¦©‡`‡ki Dci G‡K Ac‡ii wecixZ w`K †_‡K nvjKv AvNvZ Ki‡Z n‡e |  

g‡b ivLv `iKvi †_ªvBs cÖ‡m‡mi mdjZv eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i ‡m›Uvwis Gi mwVKZvi Dci|

2| cUvim ûB‡ji Dci †m›Uvwis KiY :

cUvim& ûB‡ji Dci †m›Uvwis Ki‡Z †K¬ MwZkxj I  cÖPzi wcw”Qj nIqv `iKvi| GRb¨ †K¬-‡K GKgywó cvwb ev ¯øvwi Øviv Kv‡Ri ïiæ‡Z wfwR‡q wbb| KLbI †K¬‡K ïKv‡Z w`‡eb bv| G‡Z ‡K¬ ev gvwU Avcbvi Dfq nv‡Z †j‡M hv‡e Ges †m›Uvi †_‡K †K¬ D‡V hv‡e| ûBj Avcbvi †m›Uv‡ii b¨vq c~Y© MwZ‡Z Nyi‡Z _vK‡e| N~Yv©qgvb †K¬i Dci Avcbvi nvZ ivL‡j hw` nv‡Zi wb‡P †Kvb wKQz bovPov Ki‡Q bv Ggb g‡b nq Ges Dfq nvZ †K¬i cvk¦©‡`‡k ¯’vcb Ki‡j Avcbvi nvZ ‡gv‡UB bovPov Ki‡Q bv Ggb Ab~fzZ nq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †K¬i †m›Uvwis m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q |

†m›Uvwis m¤úbœ nIqvi ci Avcwb wPšÍv Kiæb †Kø Øviv Avcwb wK Ki‡eb|

·        hw` Avcwb Lye PIov I wbPz AvK…wZi `ªe¨ †hgb- †cøU ev Kg D”PZv m¤úbœ evwU ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j Avcwb Avcbvi †K¬‡K wbPz †Wvg ev M¤^yRvK…wZ K‡i †m›Uvi Kiv DwPZ|

·        hw` Avcwb mgvb D”PZv I cÖk¯ÍZv m¤úbœ `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j †K¬ Mo †WvgvK…wZ K‡i †m›Uvi Ki‡eb |

·        hw` Avcwb j¤^v AvK…wZi `ªe¨ †_ªvBs Ki‡Z Pvb †m‡ÿ‡Î †Kø‡K A‡cÿvK…Z j¤^v miæ †WvgvK…wZi K‡i †m›Uvwis Ki‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZi Rb¨ †K¬‡K I‡cwbs Kivi mgq Avcbvi nv‡Zi Av½yj †hb ‡K¬i cÖvq Zj‡`k ch©šÍ †cŠQvq |

·        hw` Avcwb GKevi wb‡ÿc Kiv †K¬ †_‡K GKvwaK `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb †m‡ÿ‡Î wbwÿß m¤ú~Y© †K¬i †m›Uvwis bv K‡i ïaygvÎ †K¬ ¯Íy‡ci Dcwi fv‡Mi †h As‡k `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb †m As‡ki †K¬i †m›Uvwis KiæY|

·        GLb †m›Uvwis Kiv As‡ki wb¤œvs‡k AvÛviKvU Kiæb Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î AvÛviKvU AwZgvÎvq †hb bv n‡q hvq Zv jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e| hw` AwZ gvÎvq AvÛviKvU n‡q hvq Zvn‡j `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi mgq Zv †K¬ ¯‘‡ci mv‡_ Ave× n‡q hv‡e|

3| †K¬ †U‡b †m›Uvi KiY:

‡K¬ †U‡b †m›Uvi Ki‡Z Avcwb wewfbœ Dcvq ev ÷vBj e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU c×wZ nj †K¬‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b Dfq nv‡Z  `„pfv‡e a‡i †K¬i  gvSLv‡b Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiyb| Avi †K¬i cv‡k¦©i w`K wbqš¿b Ki‡Z Avcwb Avcbvi Av½yj e¨envi Kiæb| Ges †K¬i DcwifvM Avcbvi _vg Øviv wbqš¿b KiæY| Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i †K¬‡K †Wvg AvK…wZ w`b|

Aí cwigvb †K¬i ‡ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ LyeB DchyMx | we‡kl K‡i hLb ‡K¬i cwigvb GK cvDÛ ‡_‡K wZb cvDÛ nq|

4| †K¬ †V‡j Gi †m›Uvi Kiv :

GB c×wZ‡Z †K¬‡K †V‡j †m›Uvwis Kiv nq| GB KvRwU mdjZvi mv‡_ m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb Avcbvi nvZ‡K †K¬i Dfq cv‡k¦© ¯’vcb Kiæb| GK †_‡K wZb cvDÛ †K¬i Rb¨ Avcwb GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|Avcbvi _vg ev nv‡Zi Zvjy Øviv †K¬i Dcwi fvM wbqš¿b KiæY| Avcbvi KiZ‡ji wb‡Pi cÖvšÍ e¨envi K‡i †Wv‡gi wb¤œfvM †m›Uvi KiæY|

5| nv‡Zi Zvjy w`‡q †K¬ †m›Uvi KiY:

GB c×wZ‡Z †m›Uvi Ki‡Z Acbvi KbyB‡K Diæi mv‡_ jvwM‡q nvZ‡K ûBj †n‡Wi Dci Ggb fv‡e ivLyb hv‡Z Avcbvi KbyB †_‡K ûBj †n‡Wi †m›Uvi ch©šÍ GKB mij †iLvq Ae¯’vb K‡i| GLb Avcbvi Zvjyi wnj Øviv †K¬‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K Pvc w`b| Avcbvi Ab¨ nv‡Zi cvk¦© Øviv †Wvg‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K Pvc w`b|

GB c×wZi GKwU myweav nj †h ûB‡j KvR Kivi mgq Avcwb Avcbvi nvZ‡K bv bvwo‡qB cvwb ev ¯øvwi Øviv wm³ ¯úÄ Øviv †K¬‡K wcw”Qj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| KviY †K¬ †m›Uvi Kivi mgq h_b Bnv ïwK‡q Avm‡e ZLb Avcwb mn‡RB G‡K wfRv‡Z cvi‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K cvwb ev ¯øvwi †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv|

6| †m›Uvwis Kv‡j ûB‡ji Dci I‡qwRs KiY :

‡K¬‡K †m›Uvwis Kivi ci ûBj †n‡Wi Dci I‡qwRs K‡i wb‡j DËg dj cvIqv hvq| GUv Kivi cÖavb KviY nj †K¬ hv‡Z mgmZ¡ fv‡e wgwkÖZ nq| G‡Z †_ªvBs mnRZi nq| ZvQvov gvwU GKUz k³ ev w÷d n‡j G‡Z cvwb †hvM Ki‡ZI Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

ûB‡j I‡qR Ki‡Z †Wvg AvKv‡i †m›Uvwis KiæY|  †Wv‡gi gvSLvb Dfq nv‡Z Pvc w`‡q G‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K Pvc w`‡q Dci w`‡K DwV‡q †j‡Ri b¨vq AvK…wZ w`b| GKvR Kivi mgq †K¬‡K Ggb fv‡e wbqš¿b KiæY hv‡Z †K¬i g‡a¨ fvR bv c‡i| ‡K¬ †hb wfZi w`K †_‡K evwn‡ii w`‡K †du‡c I‡V| †m›Uvi †Wvg‡K c~Y©MVb Kiæb|

†Kø hv‡Z mgmZ¡ nq Ges †Køi KwbKv¸‡jv †hb †RvU e× Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv wbwðZ| DËg djvd‡ji Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ G Kv‡Ri wZb evi c~bive„wË Kiv DwPZ|

1| cUvim ûB‡ji Dci †K¬i †m›Uvi ‡ei KiY  :

cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci †K¬‡K Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Db¥y³ Ki‡Z nq KviY Gi DciB ‡_ªvBs cÖwµqvi evwK Ask wbf©i K‡i| GKvR h_vh_ fv‡e Kivi Rb¨ †K¬i †K›`ª mwVK fv‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` Avcwb `ªæZ ev `ye©j fv‡e nvZ ¯’vcb K‡i †K›`ª wPwýZ Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j mwVK fv‡e †K›`ª wPwýZ Kiv `~in n‡q `vov‡e| Avi hw` †K›`ª wPwýZ Ki‡Y wePy¨wZ N‡U Zvn‡j `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ †`qv m¤¢e n‡e bv |

†K¬ Db¥y³ K‡i cÖ_‡g c‡Ui Zj‡`‡ki AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| G mgq ûBj c~Y© MwZ‡Z ev c~Y© MwZi wZb - PZz_©vsk MwZ‡Z Nyiv DwPZ| †K¬i c„ô‡`k DËg iƒ‡c wcw”Qj ivL‡Z n‡e| GKvR Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb GKwU wm³ ¯úÄ Avcbvi Kv‡Q ivLyb| hv‡Z Avcwb cÖ‡qvRb gZ †K¬‡Z cvwb w`‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j Avcbv‡K evjwZ †_‡K Kv‡c K‡i cvwb Avbvi `iKvi n‡e bv|

 †K¬ I‡cwbs Ges †_ªvBs cÖ‡m‡mi mgq Avcbv‡K `„p Ges ¯^vfvweKfv‡e _vK‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z Avcwb ¯^vfvweK I axi MwZ‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hviv cÖv_wgKfv‡e †_ªvBs wkÿv Ki‡Q Zv‡`i †ÿ‡Î Aek¨B G cÖwµqv AbymiYxq| KvR Kivi mgq †K¬ `ªæZ av°v †L‡j †m›Ui †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q hv‡e|ZvB G wel‡q mZ©K _vK‡Z n‡e|

I‡cwbs ev Db¥y³ Ki‡Yi KvR Aek¨B ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e †m›Uvi †_‡K| ‡K¬i †m›Uvi evwni Kivi Rb¨ Avcbvi Wvb nvZ †m›Uvi Kiv †K¬i Dci ivLyb hv‡Z Dnv †K¬i †K›`ª we›`y‡Z Mgb K‡i| Avcbvi evg nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji WMv¸‡jv Wvb nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji Dci ivLyb| Gfv‡e nvZ ivLvi Kvi‡Y †K¬i †m›Uv‡i I‡cwbs Kiv mnR n‡e|

2| cÖ‡qvRbxq MfxiZv ch©šÍ cU Db¥y³ KiY:

Avcbvi nvZ¸‡jv †h Ae¯’vq †K¬i Dci Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q G Ae¯’vq cUvim ûB‡ji Dci cv·K cÖ‡qvRbxq MfxiZv  ch©šÍ Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e| Avcbvi evgnvZ w`‡q Wvb nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jvi Dci nvjKv fv‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K av°v w`b| Wvb nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jv †mvRv ivLyb| KviY Avcbvi Wvb nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jv †K¬i †m›Uvi eivei i‡q‡Q|  Pv‡ci d‡j Avcbv Avcwb gvwU m‡i Avm‡e G‡Z K‡i †K‡›`ª I‡cwbs Drcbœ n‡q hv‡e | I‡cwbs Kv‡j †K¬ hv‡Z wcw”Qj _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Wvb nv‡Zi Av½y†ji Dci Pvc Ae¨vnZ ivL‡eb †h ch©šÍ bv †e‡Ui c„ô‡`k I I‡cwbs Gi Zj‡`‡ki g‡a¨ Avav Bw cyiæZ¡ _v‡K |

GLb ûBj eÜ Kiæb| cUvi m~P ev wb‡Wj w`‡q c‡Ui †d¬v‡ii MfxiZv †PK Kiæb| Bnvi cyiæZ¡ Avav Bw I †KvqvU©vi BwÂi g‡a¨ nIqv DwPZ| KviY ciewZ© Kv‡j cU †j`vi nvW© Ae¯’vq Avm‡j Gi Zj‡`‡k dzU ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j Giƒc cyiæZ¡ _vKv DwPZ|

 3| c‡Ui †d¬vi ˆZwi KiY :

BwZg‡a¨ Avcwb c‡Ui MfxiZv ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| GLb ‡d¬vi †Zwi Kivi mgq| G Ae¯’vq ûBj‡K Zvi c~Y© MwZi wZb-PZz_©vsk MwZ‡Z Nyov‡Z n‡e| Ges †K¬‡K DËgiƒ‡c wcw”Qj ivL‡Z n‡e|

Avcbvi Av½yj¸‡jv I‡cwbs Iqv‡ji wecixZ w`‡K ¯’vcb Kiæb Ges Avj‡Zv K‡i wb‡Ri w`‡K Uvbyb| †d¬vi‡K †e‡Ui mgvšÍiv‡j ivLyb | hw` Avcwb evwU ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j cieZx© Kv‡j dzU †Zwi Ki‡Z myweav n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †d¬vi c‡Ui Iqv‡ji mv‡_ Kvf© Ae¯’vq _vK‡e| †h‡nZz Avcwb Avcbvi w`K Iqvj Uvb‡Qb †m‡nZ Avcbvi Av½yj Kvf© Kiæb hv‡Z †K¬ Dc‡ii w`‡K mvgvb¨ ùxZ n‡q D‡V Av‡m|G‡Z K‡i Avcwb mgcyiæ‡Z¡i Iqvj cv‡eb| ‡h‡nZz Avcwb GLb Iqvj ˆZwi Avi¤¢ Ki‡Qb|

Avcwb wdwbm&W `ª‡e¨i Af¨šÍi fv‡Mi Zj‡`‡ki †hiƒc Pv‡”Qb Zvi †P‡q cÖk¯Í K‡i ˆZwi KiæY| KviY `ªe¨ ïKv‡bvi ci †QvU n‡q hv‡e| †h cwigvb †QvU n‡e Zv wnmve K‡i †m cwigvb cÖk¯Í K‡i ˆZwi KiæY|

†døvi ev †gS ˆZwii KvR m¤úbœ nIqvi ci GKwU ¯úÄ e¨envi K‡i AwZwi³ Zij c`v_© ev Zij Kv`v gvwU Acmvib Kiæb| GLb †d¬‡ii Dci Avcbvi Av½yj mvgvb¨ Pvc w`‡q mvg‡b wcQ‡b Kiæb| GB av‡ci D‡Ïk¨ nj ‡K¬‡K K‡¤úª÷ Kiv| GB avc G‡K kw³ w`‡q _v‡K|

cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci †_ªvBs Kv‡j c‡Ui †`Iqvj †mvRv Kiv :

GLb Avcbvi †d¬vi ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Avcbvi Wvb nvZ c‡Ui Iqv‡ji evwn‡ii w`‡K Ges evg nvZ wfZi w`‡K ¯’vcb Kiæb| G Ae¯’vq ûBj Zvi c~Y© MwZi A‡a©K ev GK PZz_v©sk MwZ‡Z Nyiv DwPZ Ges †K¬ DËg iƒ‡c jyweª‡K‡UU ev wcw”Qj Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡e|

GgZe¯’vq Avcbvi nvZ Øq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c G‡K Ac‡ii wecixZ w`‡K _vK‡e hv‡Z K‡i †K¬ GB `yB nv‡Zi g‡a¨ w`‡q PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| Dfq w`K †_‡K g„`yfv‡e av°v ev Pvc w`b hv‡Z K‡i Iqvj ‡mvRv n‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Av‡m Ges Dci †_‡K wbP ch©š— Iqvj mgcyiæ‡Z¡i nq|

Avcwb hw` Ggb GKwU cU ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb hvi DcwifvM miæ Zvn‡j Avcwb †mvRv ‡`Iqvj ˆZwi K‡i †mLvb †_‡K Avbyf’wgK wmwjÛv‡ii cwie‡Z© †Kvb& K‡i AvK…wZ w`‡Z cv‡ib | GUv †mvRv AvK…wZi †`qvj wewkó c‡Ui †P‡q AvK…wZ †`qv mnRZi| GLb GKwU ¯úÄ e¨envi K‡i c‡Ui †d¬v‡ii †_‡K Zij Acmvib Kiæb| Avcbvi cU GLb Db¥y³ Ges cÖ_g †_ªvBs †`qvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z|

Avcwb wKfv‡e ûBj †n‡Wi Dci †_ªv Ki‡eY:  

cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv K‡qKwU av‡c wef³| wb‡¤œ G‡`i Av‡jvK cvZ Kiv nj|

01| †_ªvBs Kv‡j wcw”Qj Kivi ¸iæZ¡:

mvaviYZ cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci †K¬ Øviv cU ˆZwi Kivi m¤ú~Y© cÖwµqv‡K †_ªvBs e‡j| GB cÖwµqvi K‡qKwU avc i‡q‡Q| †hgb-

·        †m›Uvwis

·        I‡cwbs

·        Iqvj †_ªvBs KiY Ges

·        `ª‡e¨ PzovšZiƒc cª`vb

‡m›Uvwis I I‡cwbs Gi mgq †K¬‡K Aek¨B DËgiƒ‡c wcw”Qj ivL‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Wvb ev evg nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z GKwU ¯úÄ ivL‡j LyeB mnvqK n‡e| Zvn‡j Avcwb bovPov bv K‡iB cÖ‡qvRb gZ ¯úćK Pvc w`‡q Zij Z_v cvwb w`‡Z mÿg n‡eb|

mn‡RB c‡Ui Iqv‡ji Dfq cvk©¦‡K wcw”Qj Kivi Rb¨ Avcbvi GK nvZ Bnvi Dci ¯’vcb Kiæb| G Ae¯’vq ‡hb `yBwU Av½yj c‡Ui †`Iqv‡ji Dfq cvk¦©‡K ¯úk© K‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| GLb ¯úÄ Pvc w`‡q Zij ev ¯øvwi †djyb| Bnv Avcbvi Av½y‡ji Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡e Ges Iqv‡ji Dfq cvk¦©‡K wcw”Qj Ki‡e|

Qwe‡Z Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡”Qb Avcbvi cÖ_g †_ªvBs Gi c~‡e© cU‡K wcw”Qj Kiv n‡q‡Q|

02| †_ªvBs Kv‡j ûB‡ji MwZ I kvixwiK MwZwewa :

c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvBs Kv‡j ûB‡ji MwZ Gi c~Y© MwZi GK PZz_v©sk ev Zvi †P‡q Kg n‡e| ûB‡ji MwZ wbqš¿‡b me‡P‡q †ewk mgm¨vi mb¥yÿxY nq bevMZ wkÿv_x©iv| KvR ‡kLvi cÖ_g w`‡K ûB‡ji A‡cÿvK…Z Kg MwZ ivLv bebvMZ wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ AwZ DËg dj e‡q Av‡b| ‡_ªvBs Kv‡j bevMZ wkÿv_x©‡`i me‡P‡q eo mgm¨v nj ûB‡ji MwZ wbqš¿b Kiv| KviY Pjgvb ûB†ji MwZ e„w×Kv‡j Dnv cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Av‡iv MwZkxj nq| Z‡e wKQz w`b Abywkjb Ki‡j Zv ¯^fvweK fv‡e wbqš¿‡b P‡j Av‡m| ‡_ªvBs Kv‡j hLb ûBj Lye `ªæZ MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z _v‡K ZLb bvbv mgm¨vi D™¢e n‡q _v‡K| ZvB ûB‡ji MwZ e„wׇc‡j Zv wbqš¿‡b wb‡q Avm‡Z nq| ‡K¬‡K DËg iƒ‡c †m›Uvwis Ges I‡cwbs Ki‡Z Avcbvci MwZ wewa Ges Pjv‡div `„p Ges mgZvc~Y© n‡Z n‡e| A_v©r †_ªvBs Kv‡j †Kø‡K mvgÄm¨c~Y© fv‡e ¯úk© Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †K¬i †_‡K mvgÄm¨c~Y© fv‡e nvZ AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| †_ªvBs Kv‡j SvKzwb,nVvr bovPov K‡i †K¬‡K ¯úk© Kiv Ges †K¬ †_‡K nVvr nvZ AcmviY Kivi Kvi‡Y c‡Ui †K›`ª PzwZ¨ NU‡Z cv‡i | Avi GKevi cU †K›`ª PzZ¨ n‡j Zv c~e©ve¯’vq wdwi‡q cÖvq Am¤¢e |

Qwe‡Z Avgiv †_ªvBs‡qi cÖ_g ch©vq †`L‡Z cvw”Q | G ch©v‡q Wvb nv‡Zi Av½yj c‡Ui evwn‡ii w`‡Ki Zj‡`‡ki wb‡P P‡j G‡m‡Q Ges `yB nvZ ci¯ú‡ii wecix‡Z KvR Ki‡Q |  Ges GB `yB nv‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kø cuvK †L‡q eµ n‡”Q |Avgiv †_ªvBs‡qi PZz_© ch©v‡q Gi †KŠkj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

03| Pvc w`‡q c‡Ui wig ˆZwi Kiv :

cUvm© ûB‡j KvR Kivi mgq Avcbv‡K KwZcq KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU nj c‡Ui wig ˆZwi Kiv| Avcwb GUv Ki‡Z cv‡ib nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji cÖvšÍ Øviv ev Pvgov Øviv| GRb¨ `yB Bw evB Pvi Bw mvB‡Ri GK UzKiv Pvgov ( nwi‡Yi ) Pvgov mPivPi e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K |  Z‡e myweavRbK cÖK…wZi Ab¨ cÖvwbi Pvgov I e¨envi Kiv hvq|  wig ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Pvgovi UzKivi `yB cÖvšÍ `„pfv‡e aiyY Ges Gu‡K  c‡Ui Dc‡ii cÖv‡šÍi †_‡K mvgvb¨ wb‡P c‡Ui Muv ¯úk© K‡i  a‡i ivLyb| Dfq cÖvšÍ n‡Z g„`yfv‡e Av½yj Øviv Pvc `wb|

GB Pv‡ci d‡j c‡Vi wig `„pZv jvf K‡i| cÖwZ †_ªvBs‡qi †k‡li w`‡K c‡Ui †d¬vi †_‡K AwZwi³ Zij AcmviY Kiv DwPZ| Zvici Iqvj‡K cybivq wcw”Qj KiæY |

04| c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvBs‡qi †KŠkj :

Qwe‡Z Avgiv c‡Ui †_ªvBs‡qi gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi Kvh©µg †`L‡Z cvw”Q |GB chv©‡q GK nvZ†K c‡Ui evwni w`‡K Ges Ab¨ nvZ‡K c‡Ui wfZi w`‡K †i‡L g„`yfv‡e Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Iqvj cvZjv n‡q Avm‡e Ges AwZwi³ †K¬ ùxZ n‡q D‡V Avm‡e d‡j c‡Ui D”PZv e„w× cv‡e| c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvBs Ki‡Z Avcbvi evg nv‡Zi ZR©bxi Av½yj euvKv K‡i c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvBs Ki‡Z c‡Ui Iqv‡ji Zj‡`‡ki †eB‡Ri wbKU ¯’vcb Kiæb| Avi Wvb nv‡Zi ZR©bx Av½yj c‡Ui evwni w`‡K †eBR eivei ¯’vcb Kiyb| c‡Ui Zj‡ki cyiæ‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y Avcbvi evg nv‡Zi ZR©bxi †P‡q Wvb nv‡Zi ZR©bx mvgvb¨ Dc‡i _vKv DwPZ |

mvgvb¨ I g„`yfv‡e Avcbvi ZR©bxi R‡q‡›U Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Dfq nvZ‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K DwV‡q Avbyb | G mgq evg nvZ‡K Wvb nv‡Zi †P‡q mvgvb¨ Dc‡i ivLyb|

Dc‡ii w`‡K Dj¤^fv‡e DwÌZ Iqvj‡K mvgvb¨ cwigv‡b wfZi gyLx ivLyb | KviY †K¬ evwn‡ii w`‡K gyf Ki‡Z ev P‡j †h‡Z Pv‡e| GUv †Kvb ‡µv‡gB n‡Z †`qv hv‡ebv| Z‡e evwU ‰Zwii †ÿ‡Î GUv we‡ePbvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h ûBj hw` AwaK `ªæZ MwZ‡Z †Nv‡i Zvn‡j Iqvj Dj¤^fv‡e a‡i ivLi †ÿ‡Î wecixZ KvR Ki‡e |

†h‡nZz Avcbvi nvZ c‡Ui Dc‡ii As‡k †cŠ‡Q‡Q †m‡nZz GLb c‡Ui Iqv‡ji Dci Avcbvi nv‡Zi Pvc Kwg‡q Avbyb| Ab¨_vq c‡Ui wb‡Pi As‡ki Iqvj A‡cÿvK…Z ‡gvUv _vK‡e Ges Dc‡ii As‡ki Iqvj A‡cÿvK…Zfv‡e wPKb n‡e|

GLb c‡Ui Dcwifv‡M Avcbvi evg nvZ †K¬‡K ¯úk©K‡i w¯’ifv‡e a‡i ivLyb hZÿb bv ch©šÍ Avcbvi Wvb nvZ Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Av‡m| KviY Avcbvi Wvb nvZ AweiZ Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Av‡m|

05| cÖwZ †_ªvBs‡qi ci AwZwi³ Zij gy‡Q Zz‡j †djyb :  

cÖwZ †_ªvBs‡qi ci c‡Ui wig‡K Pvc w`b ( 3q avc †`Lyb )| †h gvÎ c‡Ui wig Pvc ev K‡¤úm&W m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q ZLbB GKwU ¯úÄ e¨envi K‡i c‡Ui †d¬v‡ii AwZwi³ Zij AcmviY KiæY| hw` Zij `xN©ÿY _v‡K Zvn‡j Bnv †K¬ Z_v c‡Ui MVb `ye©j K‡i w`‡e| Gi Kvi‡Y ciewZ© ch©v‡q Z_v c‡Ui WªvBs ev dvqvwis Kv‡j †µwKs ev dvUvi m¤¢ebv _vK‡e|

AwZwi³ Zij AcmviY Kivi ci ciewZ© †_ªvBs Gi c~‡e© ( 1g avc †`Lyb ) c‡Ui Iqvj wcw”Qj K‡i wbb|

06| c‡Ui Iqv‡ji Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi †_ªvBs KiY :

mvaviYZ ejv n‡q _v‡K wgwWqvg mvB‡Ri GKwU c‡Ui Iqvj cvZjv Ki‡Z wZb evi ev wZb mvB‡Kj †_ªvBs‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e †QvU mvB‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Zv GKevi ev GK mvB‡Kj †_ªvBs jvM‡Z cv‡i| Avevi A‡cÿvK…Z eo AvKv‡ii c‡Ui †ÿ‡Î AwaK ev‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq nj c‡Ui Iqv‡ji cyiæZ¡ nIqv evÄbxq |

hLb c‡Ui Iqv‡ji cyiæZ¡ cÖvqB cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbKUeZx© ev cyivcywifv‡e Kvw•LZ cyiæ‡Z¡i nq ZLb c‡Ui wig‡K Pvc ev K‡¤úªm&W Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AwZwi³ Zij AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| Iqvj‡K ïaygvÎ ZLbB wcw”Qj Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e hLb cybivq KvR Kivi `iKvi n‡e| GLb `ªe¨‡K PzovšÍfv‡e wdwbm&W Kivi mgq|

Kv‡Vi Uzjm e¨envi K‡i P‚ovšÍfv‡e `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vbt

GB Ae¯’vq Avcwb wewfbœ ai‡bi Kv‡Vi Uzjm e¨envi K‡i ev nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ `ª‡e¨i c„ô‡`k gm„Y K‡i P‚ovšÍfv‡e `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiæb|

ûBj †_‡K cU AcmviY KiYt

`ªe¨ ˆZwii KvR m¤cbœ nIqvi ci c‡Ui Zj‡`‡ki cyiæZ¡ †h cwigvY ivLv `iKvi Zvi wbP eivei KvU Ad Iq¨vi `ªe¨‡K ¯ck© K‡i ivL‡j ûBj N~Y©‡bi d‡j `ªe¨wU †K‡U Avjv`v n‡q hv‡e| `ªe¨ KvUvi mgq ûB‡ji MwZ Kwg‡q Avb‡Z nq|

cUvixi `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ †gŠwjK Uzjm:

cUvi ûB‡j †Kø Øviv KvR Kivi mgq cÖavbZ `yBwU wel‡qi cÖwZ jÿ ivL‡Z nq|G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU nj `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ nvZ w`‡q gvwU msMÖn Kiv Ges ûzB‡ji Dci `ªe¨i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv| Dfq KvR m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ †gŠwjK KZ¸‡jv Uzjm e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| g‡b ivLv DwPZ G¸‡jv ‡gŠwjK Uzjm KxU| GB Uzjm ¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K cUvi‡K KvR ïiæ Kivi Av‡MB cÖ¯‘Z ivL‡Z nq|

v GKRb cUv‡ii †_ªvBs KvR djcÖmyfv‡e m¤cbœ Kivi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb wb‡¤œ G¸‡jvi wPÎmn weeiY †`qv n‡jv-

01| ‡Zvqv‡j I G‡cÖvb (Towels and Apron) :

cUvixi KvR nj GKwU gqjv hy³ KvR| GKvR Kivi mgq nv‡Z Kv`v jv‡M| nvZ cwi¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †Zvqv‡j `iKvi nq| ZvQvov Kvco hv‡Z Acwi¯‹vi  bv nq GRb¨ G‡cÖvb cÖ‡qvRb nq| cv‡k©¦i wP‡Î ‡Zvqv‡j I G‡cÖv‡bi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv nj|

02| Pvgov (Chamois):

Bnv GKwU AwZe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DKiY| Gi Øviv †_ªvBs Kiv `ª‡e¨i Dc‡ii cÖv‡šÍ Pvc ev K‡¤úwms Kiv nq| ZvQvov `ª‡e¨i c„ô‡`k gm„b Kivi Kv‡RI Bnv e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ Bnv cv‡k 2 Bw Ges ˆ`‡N©¨ 4 Bw mvB‡Ri n‡q _v‡K| Bnv e¨envi Kivi c~‡e© †W¤ú K‡i wb‡Z nq|cÖwZevi KvR Kivi c‡i Bnv ay‡q cwi¯‹vi K‡i wb‡Z nq|

03| cUvm© m~P (Potter’s Needle) :

GB j¤^v m~P ¸‡jv‡K Kv‡Vi, avZzi ev cøvw÷‡Ki nvZ‡ji mv‡_ ¯’vcb K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq|cUvix wk‡í Bnvi eûgyLx e¨envi i‡q‡Q| ûB‡ji Dci `ª‡e¨i Dc†ii cÖvšÍ wUªwgs Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov møve I K‡qj c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv `ªe¨vw`‡Z LvR KvU‡Z ev bKkv Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|

04| `ªe¨ KvUvi Zvi (Cut off wires ) :

wbw`©ó mvB‡Ri GK wcP Zv‡ii Dfq cÖv‡šÍ k³ Kv‡Vi UzKiv †e‡au Bnv ˆZwi Kiv nq| gvQ aivi Rv‡ji m~Zv ev wPKb Zvi  `ªe¨ KvUvi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| G‡K A‡bKUv cwbi KvUvi m~Zvi gZ †`Lvq| GB ai‡bi Uzjm ¸‡jv †K¬i eo jv¤ú KvUvi Kv‡RI e¨envi Kiv nq| Avi cUvi ûBj †_‡K `ªe¨ †K‡U Zv AcmviY Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|

05| †dUwjs Qzwi (Fettling knives):

G RvZxq Qzwi ¸‡jv cvZjv †eøW AvKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K | Giv nvW© †U¤úvW© ev big cÖK…wZi n‡q _v‡K| nvW© Z_v k³¸‡jv Abgbxq cÿvšÍ‡i big †d‡Uwjs Qzwi ¸‡jv bgbxh n‡q _v‡K| bgbxq Qzwi¸‡jv †K euvKv K‡i Kvw•LZ †KvbvK…wZ Ges Kvf© Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv Kvw÷s Kiv `ª‡e¨i AwZwi³ Ask KvUvi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nZ| ZvQvov †_ªvBs Kiv `ª‡e¨i wUªwgs Kivi Rb¨I e¨envi Kiv nq |

06| wiem Ges †¯Œcvi ( Ribs and Scrapers) :

GB Uzjm ¸‡jv cU‡K ûB‡ji Dci AvK…wZ w`‡Z Ges G‡`i gm„b Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|

07| jyc, Zvi Ges wieb Uzjm ( Loop, Wire and Ribbon Tools):

GB Uzjm ¸‡jv KuvPv `ªe¨vw`  wUªwgs Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|

08| Kv‡Vi g‡Wwjs Uzjm (Wooden Modeling tools) :

GB RvZxq Uzjm ¸‡jv wewfbœ AvK…wZi n‡q _v‡K| GivI `ªe¨vw` ûB‡ji Dci wUªwgs Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|

09| ¯úÄ ( Sponge ) :

¯úÄ GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq Uzjm| GUv Øviv †_ªvBs Kv‡j `ª‡e¨‡K cvwb ev Zij w`‡q wcw”Qj Kiv nq| Avevi cÖ‡qvRb gZ `ªe¨ †_‡K Zij †kvlb K‡i `~i K‡i †bqv hvq|

10| eªvm (Brushes) :

G¸‡jv AZ¨vek¨Kxq Uzjm| Giv `ª‡e¨i †Kvb wbw`©ó Gwiqv‡Z cvwb ev w¯øc jvMv‡bvi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvQvov `ª‡e¨ AvÛvi †MøR ev Ifvi †MøR †cB›U Kivi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq |

11| K¨vwjcvim ( Calipers) :

c‡Ui wfZi Ges evwn‡ii w`K cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ Bnv e¨envi Kiv nq | we‡kl K‡i ˆZwi Kiv `ª‡e¨i hw` GKvwaK cvU© _v‡K, ‡hgb-XvKbv hy³ Rvi ev cvÎ| Kv‡ci †eBR cwigvc Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq hv‡Z Kv‡ci †eBR mmv‡ii †m›Uv‡ii M‡Z©i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq |

12 | ev· ( The Box) :

A‡bK cUvix Uzjm i‡q‡Q †h ¸‡jv †QvU AvK…wZi| Ges mn‡RB ¯’vb PzZ¨ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †ewki fvM cUviiv GK ai‡Yi ev· e¨envi K‡i hv‡Z Zv‡`i †QvU †QvU Uzjm ¸‡jv myweb¨v¯Í Ae¯’vq ivLv hvq|

†mjd †PK 3.4-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| cUvim ûBj Øviv †Kvb ai‡bi `ªe¨vw`i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| †_ªvBs c×wZ ej‡Z wK eySvq ?

cÖkœ 3| ûB‡j KvR Kivi mgq wK wK wRwbmcÎ nv‡Zi bvMv‡ji †fZ‡i ivL‡Z nq wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 4| †K¬ I‡qwRs Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 5| cUvim ûB‡ji Dci †K¬ †m›Uvwis n‡q‡Q Zv Kxfv‡e eyS‡eb wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 6| cUvim ûB‡j `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b †m›Uvwis GKwU AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc Zv eywS‡q wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 7| cÖwZ †_ªvBs Gi cici †K¬ †K wcw”Qj Ki‡Z nq †Kb ?

cÖkœ 8| c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvBs Gi †KŠkj wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 9| ûB‡j KvR Ki‡Z e¨eüZ `kwU †gŠwjK Uzjm Gi bvg wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 10| wb‡Pi Uzjm¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb

          K|                    L|                     M|                     N|                      O|

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

K| †_ªvBs c×wZ‡Z N~Y©b‡hvM¨ ûBj †n‡Wi cv‡k¦©i Dci GKwU †K¬i ej ev jv¤c ¯’vcb Kiv nq|

L| Lye PIov I wbPz AvK…wZi `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z †K¬ †K j¤^v miæ †WvgvK…wZ K‡i †m›Uvwis Ki‡eb|

M| cUvi m~P ev wbWj w`‡q c‡Ui Iqv‡ji cyiæZ¡ †PK KiæY|

N| Pv‡ci d‡j c‡Ui wis `„pZv jvf K‡i|

O| cÖwZ †_ªvBs Gi ci c‡Ui wis †K Pvc w`b|

P| wgwWqvg mvB‡Ri GKwU c‡Ui Iqvj cvZjv Ki‡Z GKevi ev GK mvB‡Kj †_ªvwqs‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

Q| cUvwii KvR n‡jv GKwU gqjvhy³ KvR|

R| d¨vUwjs Qzwi¸‡jv cvZjv †eøW AvKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K|

S| wiem Ges স্ক্র্যাপার cUvi ûB‡ji Dci `ª‡e¨i †m›Uvwis Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

T| jyc, Zvi Ges wieb KvuPv `ªe¨vw` wUªwgs Kivi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY KiæY -

 K| Rvcv‡b ------------ nvRvi eQi c~‡e© R¨vgb cUvwi ïiæ n‡qwQj|

 L| †K¬ AwZgvÎvq ------------- ev AwZgvÎvq ------------- n‡j Gi Øviv KvR Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e|

 M| †K¬ †K ----------- Ges ------------ c‡KU gy³ Kivi Rb¨ I‡qwRs Kiv nq|

 N| cUvim ûB‡ji Dci ------------- Ki‡Z †K¬ MwZkxj I cÖPzi ------------ nIqv `iKvi|

 O| †K¬ Db¥y³ K‡i cÖ_‡g c‡Ui ------------- AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|

 P| cUvim ûB‡ji Dci †_ªvBs Kv‡j Avcbvi ----------- c‡Ui Iqv‡ji evB‡ii w`‡K Ges --------   †fZ‡ii w`‡K ¯’vcb Ki“b|

 Q| †_ªvwqs Kv‡j bevMZ wk¶v_©x‡`i eo mgm¨v n‡jv ûB‡ji -------------- wbqš¿Y Kiv|

 R| Dj¤^fv‡e DwÌZ Iqvj‡K mvgvb¨ cwigv‡b ------------- gyLx ivLyb|

 S| hw` Zij `xN©¶Y _v‡K Zvn‡j Bnv †K¬ Z_v c‡Ui MVb ----------- K‡i w`‡e|

 T| Pvgov e¨envi Kivi c~‡e© ---------- K‡i wb‡Z nq|

DËicÎ 3.4-1

DËi-1 

cUvim ûBj Øviv ivDÛ ev PµvKvi AvK…wZi `ªe¨vw`i AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|

DËi-2

†h c×wZ‡Z N~Y©vqgvb ûBj †n‡Wi Dci †K¬ ej ev jv¤c wb‡¶c K‡i nv‡Zi `¶Zv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv nq DnvB †_ªvBs c×wZ|

DËi-3

ûB‡j KvR Kivi mgq wb¤œwjwLZ wRwbmcθ‡jv nv‡Zi bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ ivL‡Z nq|

·       `yB wjUvi cvwb ev ¯øvwi aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU cvÎ ev evjwZ Wvb nv‡Zi wbKU wbf©i‡hvM¨ ev wbivc` ¯’v‡b ivLyb| Avcbvi cvwb ev ¯øvwii cvÎwU ûBj †n‡Wi GZ wbK‡U ivLyb hv‡Z cvwb ev ¯øvwi e¨env‡ii mgq S‡i co‡Z bv cv‡i |

·         wfRv ¯cÄ I wdwbwms †j`vi& ivLyb|

·         ûB‡ji cv‡k¦© AveR©bv I †¯Œc †K¬i Rb¨ GKwU evjwZ ivLyb|

·         †_ªvBs †k‡l nvZ I Uzjm cwi¯‹vi Kivi Rb¨ ûB‡ji wbKU Ab¨ GKwU evjwZ ivLyb|

·         nv‡Zi Kv‡Q †eW¸‡jv cÖ¯‘yZ ivLyb|

·         hw` Avcwb w¯øc e¨envi K‡ib Zvn‡j †m¸‡jv bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ ivLyb|

DËi-4

†K¬ I‡qwRs Kivi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv †K¬ †K mgmZ¡fv‡e w÷d Kiv Ges Gqvi c‡KU `~i Kiv|

DËi-5

cUvm© ûB‡ji Dci N~Y©vqgvb †K¬i Dci nvZ ivL‡j hw` nv‡Zi wb‡P †Kvb wKQz bovPov Ki‡Qbv Ggb g‡b nq| Ges Dfq nvZ †K¬i cvk¦©‡`‡k ¯’vcb Ki‡j nvZ †gv‡UB bovPov Ki‡Qbv Ggb Abyf‚Z nq Zvn‡jB eySv hv‡e †K¬ †m›Uvwis m¤cbœ n‡q‡Q|

DËi-6

†_ªvBs cÖ‡m‡m `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b †m›Uvwis GKwU AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc| KviY ûBj †n‡Wi Dci wbw¶ß †K¬ mwVKfv‡e †m›Uvwis bv n‡j †K¬ Øviv mwVK AvK…wZi `ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv `yiƒn| GgbwK KL‡bv KL‡bv `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ †`Iqv Am¤¢e n‡q `vuovq| ZvB g‡b ivLv `iKvi †_ªvBs cÖ‡m‡mi mwVKZv eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i †m›Uvwis Gi mwVKZvi Dci|

DËi-7

cÖwZ †_ªvBs Gi cici †K¬ †K wcw”Qj Ki‡Z nq bZzev †K¬ ïwK‡q hv‡e| G‡Z †K¬ ev gvwU nv‡Z †j‡M hv‡e| GgbwK †m›Uvi †_‡K †K¬ AvMjv n‡q hv‡e| A_©vr ûBj †n‡Wi Dci ¯^v”Q‡›` KvR Kiv hv‡ebv| ZvB cÖwZ †_ªvBs Gi ci †K¬ †K wcw”Qj K‡i wb‡Z nq|

DËi 8

c‡Ui Iqv‡ji AvK…wZ cÖ`vb Kivi mgq GK nvZ‡K c‡Ui evwn‡ii w`‡K Ges Ab¨ nvZ‡K c‡Ui †fZ‡ii w`‡K †i‡L g„`yfv‡e Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Iqvj cvZjv n‡q Avm‡e| Ges AwZwi³ †K¬ wùZ n‡q Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V Avm‡e| d‡j c‡Ui D”PZv e„w× cv‡e| G Ae¯’vq c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvBs Ki‡Z Avcbvi evg nv‡Zi ZR©bx AvOzj evuKv K‡i c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvwqs Ki‡Z Dnvi Zj‡`‡k †eB‡Ri wbKU ¯’vcb KiæY| Avi Wvb nv‡Zi ZR©bx AvOzj c‡Ui †eB‡R eivei ¯’vcb KiæY| c‡Ui Zj‡`‡ki cyiæ‡Z¡i Kvi‡b Avcbvi evg nv‡Zi ZR©bxi †P‡q Wvb nv‡Zi ZR©bx mvgvb¨ Dc‡i ivLv DwPr| GLb mvgvb¨ ev g„`yfv‡e Avcbvi ZR©bxi R‡q‡›U Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Dfq nvZ‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K DwV‡q Avbyb| GB mgq evg nvZ‡K Wvb nv‡Zi †P‡q mvgvb¨ Dc‡i ivLyb| GB †KŠk‡jB c‡Ui Iqvj †_ªvBs KiæY|

DËi 9

wb‡P `kwU †gŠwjK Uzjm Gi bvg †`qv n‡jv -

1| cUvm© m~P|

2| `ªe¨ KvUvi Zvi|

3| †dUwjs Qzwi|

4| wiem I স্ক্র্যাপারm|

5| jyc, Zvi Ges wieb|

6| Kv‡Vi g‡Wwjs Uzjm|

7| ¯cÄ|

8| eªvk|

9| K¨vwjcvm©

10| Pvgov|

DËi 10

K| Kv‡Vi g‡Wwjs Uzjm|

L| K¨vwjcvm©

M| wiem GÛ স্ক্র্যাপারm|

N| †dUwjs Qzwi|

O| cUvim m~P|

DËi- mZ¨ / wg_¨v

K| wg

L| wg

M| wg

N| m

O| m

P| wg

Q| m

R| m

S| wg

T| m

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb

K| `k 

L| w÷d, big

M| mgmZ¡, Gqvi

N| †m›Uvwis, wcw”Qj

O| Zj‡`‡ki

P| Wvb nvZ, evg nvZ

Q| MwZ

R| wfZi

S| `ye©j

T| †W¤c

ivL‡ev|

m~PxcÎ

wkLbdj 5:  cUvwii ÎæywU wPwýZ Ki‡Z Ges `~i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

welqe¯‘

1| cUvwi `ªe¨vw`‡Z m„ó µwU¸‡jv mbv³ Kiv

2| cUvwi `ªe¨vw`‡Z m„ó µwU¸‡jv `~i Kiv

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| cUvwi `ªe¨vw`‡Z m„ó µwU¸‡jv mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| cUvwi `ªe¨vw`‡Z m„ó µwU¸‡jv `~i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vewj

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e -

·        KvuPv `ªe¨

·        †cvov‡bv `ªe¨

·        wmwjKv

·        †K¬

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj: cUvwii ΓwU wPwýZ KiY Ges `~i KiY |

Bbdi‡gkb wkU 3.5-1

cUvwii µwU wPwýZ KiY Ges `~i KiY

cUvwi `ªe¨vw`‡Z m„ó µwU Ges Zvi cÖwZKvi

cUvwi `ªe¨vw` Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ av‡c †K¬ ewW‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi µwU n‡Z cv‡i| †K¬ ewWi GB µwU ¸‡jv GKUz mZK© n‡jB cwinvi Kiv hvq| GUv ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv †h cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß mKj †K¬i ¸bv¸Y I gv‡bi g‡a¨ ZviZg¨ i‡q‡Q| †K¬ Øviv †hme KvR Kiv nq †mme Kv‡Ri Pvwn`v Abyhvqx G‡`i KwZcq ¸bv¸Y _vKv evÃbxq| Ab¨_vq wKQz wKQz mgm¨vi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| ev¯Í‡e Kv‡Ri mv‡_ cyivcywi m½wZc~Y© †K¬ cÖK…wZ‡Z cvIqv `yin|

ZvB †K¬ Øviv †Kvb `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi cÖv_wgK ch©vq †_‡K P‚ovšÍ ch©vq ch©šÍ wewfbœ mgm¨vi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| GB mgm¨v ¸‡jv‡K `ª‡e¨i µwU ev wW‡d± e‡j| Giv wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|  GKUz mZK©Zvi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡j ev †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î mwVK KvuPvgvj wbe©vPb K‡i ev †Kvb bZzb KvuPvgvj †hvM K‡iGB µwU ¸‡jv cwinvi Kiv hvq| wb‡P `ª‡e¨i KwZcq µwU I Gi mgvav‡bi Dcvq ewY©Z n‡jv|

1| `ªe¨ †kvKv‡bvi mgq m„ó †µwKs ev Iqvwc©s

Wªvwqs †K¬i ˆZwi `ªe¨‡K m¤¢ve¨ gvÎvq k³ `ª‡e¨ cwiYZ K‡i| †K¬ ewW n‡Z cvwb Acmvi‡bi

cÖwµqv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB g~jZ †µwKs msMwVZ nq|

Wªvwqs Kv‡ji †µwKs `~i Kivi Rb¨ -

·        `ª‡e¨i Iqvj I Zj‡`‡ki cyiæZ¡ hZ`~i m¤¢e mgvb ivLv|

·        †_ªvwqs Kv‡j c‡Ui Zj‡`‡k Pv‡ci d‡j †hb Gm-‡µK m„wó bv nq|

·        KvuPv `ªe¨ `ªæZ ﮋ Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKzb| GB Rb¨ `ªe¨‡K GK mßvn Zv‡K ivLv| `ªe¨ wKj‡b †jvwWs Kivi c~‡e© Giv †evb WªvB Ae¯’vq cwibZ n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv †PK Kiv|

·        `ªe¨ hZ cyiæ n‡e Zvi Wªvwqs cÖ‡mm ZZ `xN©vwqZ n‡e|

·        `ªe¨ mKj cvk¦© †_‡K †hb mgfv‡e ïKvq| GUv g~jZ UvBjm Ges †cø‡Ui †¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

2| Zvcxq kK n‡Z †µK

hLb `ªe¨ Lye `ªæZ DËß ev VvÛv Kiv nq ZLb †µK ev dvUj m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †K¬ ewWi KwYKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨i eÜb kw³i †P‡q cÖmvib ev ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j m„ó cxob hLb †ewk nq ZLb GB µwUi m„wó nq|

Zvcxq kK †_‡K m„ó †µK cwinvi Ki‡Z-

·        `ªe¨ †cvov‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wKjb‡K Lye `ªæZ Mig ev VvÛv Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv|

·        wKj‡bi I‡cwbs Gi ga¨ w`‡q hv‡Z mn‡RB VvÛv evZvm cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i hLb wKjb Lye DËß Ae¯’vq _v‡K|

·        hw` wKj‡bi ga¨ †_‡K Avcwb wcsBs ïb‡Z cvb Zvn‡j `ªæZ wKjb VvÛv KiæY| wcsBs n‡jv

          wKj‡b `ªe¨ dvUvi kã| wKj‡bi `iRv ev XvKbv eÜ K‡i w`b| Ges mKj ai‡bi W¨v¤cvi

          ¸‡jv eÜ KiæY|

·        †cvov‡bv `ªe¨ W¨v¤c Ae¯’vq _vK‡j Zv I‡fb ev gvB‡µvI‡f‡b ivLv †_‡K weiZ _vKv|

·        †iwd«Rv‡iUi ev wd«R †_‡K mivmwi I‡fb ev gvB‡µvI‡f‡b `ªe¨ bv ivLv|

3| Wvw›Us

Wvw›Us ej‡Z †K¬ ewW ev `ª‡e¨i dvUj‡K eySvq| hv dvqvwis Gi †k‡li w`‡K i¨vwcW Kzwjs Kv‡j msMwVZ nq| †hme †K¬ ewW‡Z 25% ev Zvi †P‡q †ekx wmwjKv _v‡K H mKj ewW‡Z Wvw›Us n‡q _v‡K|

Wvw›Us cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq-

`ªe¨‡K axi MwZ‡Z VvÛv Ki‡j GB µwU nIqvi m¤¢vebv LyeB Kg _v‡K|

4| eøv‡Kwbs, †eøvwUs Ges Kve©b †Kvwis

GB µwU¸‡jv `ª‡e¨i cÖ_g dvqvwis Gi mgq msMwVZ nq| hw` `ªe¨ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ †K¬ cÖvK…wZKfv‡e Kve©b aviY K‡i _v‡K Z‡e GB Kve©b h_vh_ fv‡e cÖR¡wjZ n‡q AcmvwiZ nq bv|

GB µwU ¸‡jv cwinvi Ki‡Z-

·        we¯‹zU ev cÖ_g dvqvwis G ax‡i ax‡i ZvcgvÎv DVv‡bv|

·        hw` `ªe¨ R¡vjvbx `nbKvix wKj‡b †cvov‡bv nq †m †¶‡Î wKjb †hb wiWvKkb GU‡gvwùqv‡ii w`‡K †h‡Z bv cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv| `n‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß cwigvY Aw·‡Rb mieivn Kiv|

5| weøwes

weøwes n‡jv Gqvi c¨v‡KU| G¸‡jv `ª‡e¨i AvK…wZ †`Iqvi mgq m„wó nq| dvqvwis Kv‡j evZvm

ùxZ n‡q †ejy‡bi b¨vq †K¬ ewWi mvi‡d‡mi Dci †`Lv hvq|

weøwes `~i Ki‡Z-

·        Avcbvi †K¬ e¨env‡ii c~‡e© h_vh_ fv‡e I‡qwRs K‡i wbb ev wW-Gqvwis cvMwg‡j cvwMs Kiv

          †K¬ e¨envi KiæY|

·        weøwes hw` †Kvb wbw`©ó †K¬i †¶‡Î n‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j MÖM †hvM KiæY ev †K¬ ewW cwieZ©b K‡i

          wbb|

hw`I weøwes †K¬ ewWi µwU ZeyI Giv †Mø‡R cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| weøwes †Mø‡R wcU, wcb‡nvj Ges

weø÷vwis Gi KviY n‡q `vuovq|

6| wW‡d¬vwKD‡jkb

Avcwb hLb †K¬ ˆZwi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb ZLb K`vwPr B †`Lv hvq Bnv AvcvZ fv‡e nVvr big n‡q hvq| G‡Z Bnv Kv‡Ri Abyc‡hvMx n‡q hvq| †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq GK gywV gvwU wb‡q nv‡Z SvwK w`‡j A‡bKUv ZijvwqZ n‡q hvq| GB ZijvwqZ nIqvB n‡jv wW‡d¬vwKD‡jkb| GB †K¬i KwYKv¸‡jv Av‡qvbvB‡Rkb n‡q‡Q| hv‡K †mvRv K_vq ejv hvq G‡K Aci‡K weKl©Y Ki‡Q|

K`vwPr msMwVZ GB mgm¨v n‡j Avcwb wK Ki‡eb ?

·        †K¬‡Z hw` †b‡dwjb mvqvbvBW _v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î cvwb wgwkªZ K‡i ivLyb |

·        hw` †K¬ ewW‡Z AwaK cwigvY †dì¯cvi, Uvé ev wd«U _v‡K Zvn‡j †K¬i mv‡_ 0.4% WªvB

         †ewmm Bcmb jeY e¨envi Kiæb|

·        †_ªvwqs †K¬ †Z AwaK cwigvY †KIwjb _vK‡j †m‡¶‡Î †K¬i mv‡_ 0.5%- 1% Bcmb jeY e¨envi Kiæb|

7| †K¬-‡MøR wdUt

hLb ewW Ges †MøR G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ mwVKfv‡e wdU bv nq ZLb GB mgm¨vi m„wó nq| 10% Gi †P‡q Kg wmwjKv aviYKvix †K¬ ewWi mv‡_ †MøR wdU Kiv KwVb nq| hw` GUvB GKgvÎ KviY nq †m †¶‡Î wmwjKvi cwigvY e„w× K‡i GB mgm¨v `~i Kiv hvq|

†mjd †PK 3.5-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

cÖkœ 1| cUvwii `ªe¨vw`‡Z m„ó cvuPwU µwUi bvg wjLyb ?

cÖkœ 2| †Kvb ai‡bi cUvwii `ªe¨vw`‡Z Wvw›Us Gi m„wó nq ?

cÖkœ 3| weøwes ej‡Z wK eySvq ?

cÖkœ 4| eø¨v‡KbBs, †eøvwUs Ges Kve©b †Kvwis µwU `~i Kivi Dcvq wjLyb ?

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv mZ¨ n‡j "m" Ges wg_¨v n‡j "wg" wjLyb -

K| `ªe¨ Lye `ªæZ VvÛv ev DËß Kiv n‡j †µK ev dvUj m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

L| Wvw›Us †¯¬v Kzwjs Gi mgq msMwVZ nq|

M| 10% Gi †P‡q Kg wmwjKv aviYKvix †K¬ ewW‡Z †MøR wdU Kiv KwVb|

k~b¨¯’vb cyiY KiæY -

 K| wKj‡bi g‡a¨ `ªe¨ dvUvi kã †K ----------- e‡j|

 L| `ªe¨ hZ cyiæ n‡e Zvi Wªvwqs cÖ‡mm ZZ ---------- n‡e|

 M| †_ªvBsKv‡j c‡Ui Zj‡`‡k Pv‡c ‡hb ---------- m„wó bv nq|

DËicÎ 3.5-1

DËi-1 

cUvwii `ªe¨vw`‡Z m„ó cvuPwU µwUi bvg wb¤œiƒc -

K| `ªe¨ kyKv‡bvi mgq m„ó †µwKs ev Iqvwc©s|

L| Zvcxq kK n‡Z m„ó †µK|

M| Wvw›Us|

N| weøwes|

O| eø¨v‡KbBs, †eøvwUs Ges Kve©b †Kvwis

DËi-2

†h mKj †K¬ ewW‡Z 25% ev Zvi AwaK wmwjKv _v‡K H mKj ewW‡Z Wvw›Us n‡q _v‡K|

DËi-3

`ªe¨ AvK…wZ cÖ`vbKvjxb mg‡q Gi g‡a¨ m„ó Gqvi c‡KU‡KB weøwes e‡j|

DËi-4

eøv‡Kwbs, †e­vwUs Ges Kve©b †Kvwis µwU ¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq mg~n wbæiƒc-

·        we¯‹zU ev cÖ_g dvqvwis G ax‡i ax‡i ZvcgvÎv DVv‡bv|

·        hw` `ªe¨ R¡vjvbx `nbKvix wKj‡b †cvov‡bv nq †m †¶‡Î wKjb †hb wiWvKkb GU‡gvwùqv‡ii w`‡K †h‡Z bv cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Kiv| `n‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß cwigvY Aw·‡Rb mieivn Kiv|

DËi- mZ¨ / wg_¨v

K| m

L| wg

M| m

DËi- k~b¨¯’vb

K| wcsBs

L| `xN©vwqZ

M|  Gm- †µK

Kvh©µgcÎ 3.5-1

wk‡ivbvgt cUvm© ûB‡j `ªe¨ ˆZwi KiY|

D‡Ïk¨t cUv©m ûB‡j `ªe¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z mg_© n‡eb|

Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Uzjm I hš¿cvwZ- †¯cwmwd‡Kkb kx‡Ui ZvwjKv Abyhvqx|

c×wZ

cÖwk¶K‡K AewnZ Kiæb †h, Avcwb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z|

cÖwk¶K GLb Avcbv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvj mieivn Ki‡eb|

IGmGBP Abykxjb K‡i KvR m¤cbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvj e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Av‡Q wKbv Zv cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|

†K¬ ewW cÖ¯‘Z K‡i Kv‡Ri Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z n‡e|

¸YMZgvb AR©‡b Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i µwU mg~n wPwýZ K‡i wi‡cvU© Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv I ¸YMZgvb Abyhvqx `ªe¨wU cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|

evwZj `ªe¨¸‡jv wPwýZ I Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e|

Gici djvdj msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges Kvh©‡¶Î‡K Av`k©gvb Abyhvqx cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|

me‡k‡l AveR©bv mwVKfv‡e AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U c×wZ

Kvh©m¤cv`b gvb`‡Ûi ZvwjKv cÖ`k©b|

†¯cwmwd‡Kkb kxU 3.5-1

Dc‡ii KvRwU m¤cbœ Ki‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvj cÖ‡qvRb n‡e-

wcwcB (e¨vw³MZ wbivcËv RwbZ miÄvg) t-

·        †mBdwU eyU

·        †nqvi †bU

·        gv¯‹

·        G‡cÖvb

·        †bBj KvUvi

Uzjm, hš¿cvwZ Ges KvuPvgvjt-

·        cUvm© ûBj

·        ev‡KU

·        cUvm© m~P

·        `ªe¨ KvUvi Zvi

·        †dUwjs Qzwi

·        wiem I ‡¯Œvcvi

·        jyc, Zvi Ges wieb

·        Kv‡Vi g‡Wwjs Uzjm

·        ¯cÄ

·        eªvk

·        K¨vwjcvm©

·        Pvgov

·        MÖM

·        cøvw÷K †K¬

·        wgwn evwj

·        Avqib A·vBW

·        cøv÷vi †eW

·        †mjd

m~PxcÎ

wkLbdj 6: Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi KiY|

welqe¯‘

1| Kg©‡¶‡Îi Av`k©gvb Abyhvqx Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi Kiv|

2| †Kv¤cvwbi AvBb Abyhvqx eR¨© c`v_© AcmviY Kiv|

A¨v‡mm‡g›U µvB‡Uwiqv

1| Kvh© m¤cv`‡bi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wbivc` Kvh© Abykxjb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2| Kg©‡¶‡Îi Av`k© gvb Abyhvqx Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

3| †Kv¤cvwbi AvBb Abyhvqx eR¨© c`v_© AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

kZ©vewjt

cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡`i Aek¨B wb‡Pi miÄvgvw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e-

·        cwi®‹vi Kivi miÄvg

·        Uzjm I KvuPvgvj

wkLb DcKiY-

·        eB, g¨vbyqvj

·        gwWDj ev †idv‡iÝ

wkLb Kvh©µg

wkLbdj : Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi KiY|

Bbdi‡gkb wkU- 3.6-1

Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi KiY

wkLb D‡Ïk¨

GB Bbdi‡gkb wkUwU covi ci Avcwb mwVK wbqg AbymiY K‡i Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z m¶g  n‡eb|

Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹vi Kiv

K| AwZwi³ †K¬ ewW‡K GKÎ K‡i wba©vwiZ ev‡K‡U ivLv|

L| Ae¨eüZ KvuPvgvj wbw`©ó RvqMvq †diZ cvVv‡bv|

M| Kg©‡¶‡Îi †g‡S I †Uwej Svo– w`‡q cwi®‹vi Kiv|

N| gqjv RvqMv cvwb e¨envi K‡i cwi®‹vi Kiv|

hš¿cvwZ cwi®‹vi I msi¶Y Kiv

AcÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` I miÄvgvw` †_‡K Kg©‡¶Î‡K cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e †hb †Kvb e¨w³ AvNvZ

bv cvq Ges c‡o bv hvq| Kg©‡¶‡Îi †g‡S‡Z †Kvb gvwU ev wcw”Qj RvZxq c`v_© ivLv hv‡e bv|

wcw”Qj †g‡S gvivZœK wec`RbK| KvR †k‡l Kvco e¨envi K‡i †g‡S cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|

Uzjm I miÄvgvw` cwi®‹vi K‡i ¸`vgRvZ Ki‡Z n‡e| KvR †k‡l wej¤^ bv K‡i Uzjm I Ab¨vb¨

`ªe¨vw` wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ivLyb|

†mjd †PK 3.6-1

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wjLyb-

K| Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹v‡ii †¶‡Î wK wK Kvh©vejx wbwnZ Av‡Q ?

L| Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹v‡ii †¶‡Î Avcwb Kxfv‡e `yN©Ubv Gov‡Z cvi‡eb ?

DËicÎ 3.6-1

DËi-1

Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹v‡ii †¶‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ Kvh©vejx wbwnZ Av‡Qt

K| AwZwi³ †K¬ ewW‡K GKÎ K‡i wba©vwiZ ev‡K‡U ivLv|

L| Ae¨eüZ KvuPvgvj wbw`©ó RvqMvq †diZ cvVv‡bv|

M| Kg©‡¶‡Îi †g‡S I †Uwej Svo– w`‡q cwi®‹vi Kiv|

N| gqjv RvqMv cvwb e¨envi K‡i cwi®‹vi Kiv|

DËi-2

Kg©‡¶Î cwi®‹v‡ii †¶‡Î Avwg `yN©Ubv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡¶c¸‡jv MÖnb Ki‡evt

 AcÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` I miÄvgvw` †_‡K Kg©‡¶Î‡K cwi®‹vi ivL‡ev †hb †Kvb e¨w³ AvNvZ bv cvq Ges c‡o bv hvq| Kg©‡¶‡Îi †g‡S‡Z †Kvb gvwU ev wcw”Qj RvZxq c`v_© ivL‡ev bv| wcw”Qj †gS gvivZœK  wec`RbK| KvR †k‡l Kvco e¨envi K‡i †gS cwi®‹vi Ki‡ev| KvR †k‡l wej¤^ bv K‡i Uzjm I  Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨vw` wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ivL‡ev|